Table 3.
Overview of p- and F-values of significant effects between male and female mice fed either a AIN93G diet or 18 weeks of high fat diet (HFD).
| Parameters | AIN93G | HFD |
|---|---|---|
| Female Versus Male | Female Versus Male | |
| Body weight | ↓ p < 0.001, F(1,22) = 25.98 | ↓ p < 0.001, F(1,22) = 17.22 |
| Body weight gain | = | = |
| Food intake | = | = |
| Percentage of body fat | = | ↑ p < 0.050, F(1,21) = 4.19 |
| VAT/SAT-ratio | = | = |
| Fasting plasma levels | ||
| Glucose | ↓ p < 0.001, F(1,22) = 24.43 | ↓ p = 0.010, F(1,20) = 7.98 |
| Insulin | ↓ p = 0.015, F(1,22) = 6.97 | ↓ p < 0.001, F(1,20) = 25.50 |
| Cholesterol | = | ↓ p = 0.018, F(1,20) = 6.65 |
| Triglycerides | = | ↓ p < 0.001, F(1,20) = 30.20 |
| Adiponectin | ↑ p < 0.001, F(1, 22) = 33.51 | ↑ p = 0.020, F(1,20) = 6.34 |
| Adipose tissue | ||
| Mesenteric weight | = | = |
| Mesenteric adipocyte size | ||
| Averaged | = | = |
| Distribution, <2000 µm2 | = | = |
| 2000–4000 µm2 | ↑ p < 0.001, F(1,22) = 19.90 | ↑ p = 0.001, F(1,21) = 13.98 |
| 4000–6000 µm2 | = | = |
| 6000–8000 µm2 | ↓ p < 0.010, F(1, 22) = 9.50 | = |
| >8000 µm2 | = | ↓p = 0.036, F(1,21) = 5.01 |
| Mesenteric CLS | ↓ p = 0.012, F(1,22) = 7.48 | ↓ p < 0.001, F(1,21) = 17.44 |
| Perigonadal weight | ↓ p = 0.020, F(1,22) = 5.84 | ↑ p = 0.007, F(1,21) = 9.08 |
| Perigonadal adipocyte size | ||
| Averaged in µm2 | = | ↑ p = 0.026, F(1,21) = 5.70 |
| Distribution, <2000 µm2 | = | ↓ p = 0.001, F(1,21) = 13.98 |
| 2000–4000 µm2 | = | = |
| 4000–6000 µm2 | ↑ p < 0.013, F(1, 22) = 7.21 | = |
| 6000–8000 µm2 | ↑ p < 0.005, F(1, 22) = 9.70 | ↑ p = 0.003, F(1,21) = 10.85 |
| >8000 µm2 | = | = |
| Perigonadal CLS | = | ↓ p = 0.050, F(1,21) = 4.34 |
| Inguinal weight | ↓ p = 0.002, F(1,22) = 11.86 | = |
| Inguinal adipocyte size | ||
| Averaged in µm2 | = | = |
| Distribution in µm2 | = | = |
| Inguinal CLS | ↓ p = 0.027, F(1,22) = 5.63 | ↓ p = 0.034, F(1,21) = 5.13 |
| >8000 µm2 | ||
| Liver | ||
| Liver weight | = | ↑ p = 0.022, F(1,22) = 6.05 |
| Microvesicular steatosis | = | ↓ p < 0.001, F(1,18) = 31.61 |
| Macrovesicular steatosis | ↑ p < 0.001, F(1,21) = 27.31 | ↑ p = 0.002, F(1,18) = 13.13 |
| Inflammation | ↑ p < 0.001, F(1,21) = 48.59 | ↑ p < 0.001, F(1,18) = 38.65 |
| Hypertrophy | = | ↓ p = 0.043, F(1,18) = 4.74 |
| Cognition | ||
| Open field | = | = |
| Morris water maze | = | = |
| DVC | = | ↓ p = 0.027, F(1,4) = 11.72 |
| SBP | = | = |
| MRI | ||
| Blood vessels (GLUT-1) | = | = |
| Cerebral blood flow | = | = |
| Neurogenesis (DCX) | = | = |
| Neuroinflammation (IBA-1) | = | = |
| Functional connectivity | = | = |
| DTI, mean diffusivity | ||
| Auditory cortex | ↓ p = 0.030, F(1,22) = 5.37 | ↓ p = 0.041, F(1,20) = 4.77 |
| Somatosensory cortex | ↓ p = 0.038, F(1,22) = 4.86 | = |
| Visual cortex | ↓ p = 0.013, F(1,22) = 7.22 | = |
| Motor cortex | ↓ p = 0.002, F(1,22) = 12.60 | = |
| DTI, fractional anisotropy | ||
| Hippocampus | = | ↑ p = 0.033, F(1,20) = 5.24 |
| Motor cortex | = | ↑ p = 0.013, F(1,20) = 7.42 |
↑: Female mice have a significant higher level than male mice. ↓: Female mice have a significant lower level than male mice. =: No significant differences between female or male mice.