Table 4.
Multiple regression analysis for dietary and lifestyle behaviors and associations with premenstrual syndrome.
| Variable | OR | p-Value | 95% CI |
|---|---|---|---|
| Physical symptoms | |||
| Marital status | 0.738 | 0.750 | 0.113–4.802 |
| BMI | 0.986 | 0.796 | 0.888–1.095 |
| BFP | 0.996 | 0.905 | 0.937–1.059 |
| Caffeine intake | 1.577 | 0.215 | 0.767–3.242 |
| Smoking | 1.548 | 0.312 | 0.664–3.608 |
| Vigorous PA | 0.985 | 0.961 | 0.527–1.840 |
| Moderate PA | 1.632 | 0.096 | 0.917–2.905 |
| Light PA | 0.734 | 0.575 | 0.249–2.162 |
| Milk | 1.599 | 0.145 | 0.849–3.011 |
| Dairy products | 0.657 | 0.570 | 0.154–2.800 |
| Leafy green vegetables | 2.199 | 0.268 | 0.545–8.877 |
| Cruciferous vegetables | 0.620 | 0.295 | 0.253–1.516 |
| Other vegetables | 1.312 | 0.668 | 0.379–4.533 |
| Fruit | 0.337 | 0.058 | 0.109–1.037 |
| Animal foods | 2.076 | 0.220 | 0.645–6.682 |
| Fish oil (ω3 FA) supplements | 0.750 | 0.428 | 0.368–1.528 |
| Multi-nutrient supplements | 1.658 | 0.154 | 0.827–3.323 |
| High calorie/fat/sugar/salt foods | 3.177 | 0.006 * | 1.388–7.272 |
| Herbal teas | 1.709 | 0.058 | 0.982–2.977 |
| Psychological symptoms | |||
| Marital status | 1.658 | 0.581 | 0.276–9.966 |
| BMI | 0.963 | 0.467 | 0.871–1.065 |
| BFP | 1.052 | 0.098 | 0.991–1.117 |
| Caffeine intake | 1.054 | 0.885 | 0.518–2.144 |
| Smoking | 2.545 | 0.027 * | 1.11–5.829 |
| Vigorous PA | 0.882 | 0.678 | 0.489–1.593 |
| Moderate PA | 1.238 | 0.454 | 0.708–2.166 |
| Light PA | 1.280 | 0.638 | 0.458–3.581 |
| Milk | 0.979 | 0.945 | 0.532–1.800 |
| Dairy products | 0.756 | 0.711 | 0.172–3.314 |
| Leafy green vegetables | 0.547 | 0.428 | 0.123–2.434 |
| Cruciferous vegetables | 0.644 | 0.294 | 0.283–1.465 |
| Other vegetables | 1.006 | 0.992 | 0.308–3.289 |
| Fruit | 0.760 | 0.578 | 0.289–1.995 |
| Animal foods | 1.759 | 0.346 | 0.542–5.709 |
| Fish oil (ω3 FA) supplements | 0.942 | 0.864 | 0.478–1.857 |
| Multi-nutrient supplements | 0.909 | 0.770 | 0.481–1.718 |
| High calorie/fat/sugar/salt foods | 1.282 | 0.550 | 0.567–2.899 |
| Herbal teas | 1.705 | 0.051 | 0.998–2.912 |
| Behavioral symptoms | |||
| Marital status | 1.658 | 0.581 | 0.276–9.966 |
| BMI | 1.023 | 0.699 | 0.911–1.149 |
| BFP | 0.995 | 0.887 | 0.927–1.068 |
| Caffeine intake | 1.939 | 0.212 | 0.686–5.479 |
| Smoking | 2.239 | 0.044 * | 1.02–4.899 |
| Vigorous PA | 0.508 | 0.093 | 0.231–1.118 |
| Moderate PA | 1.995 | 0.065 | 0.957–4.159 |
| Low PA | 2.343 | 0.288 | 0.487–11.277 |
| Milk | 1.085 | 0.829 | 0.519–2.269 |
| Dairy products | 0.3153 | 0.107 | 0.077–1.282 |
| Leafy green vegetables | 0.615 | 0.587 | 0.106–3.558 |
| Cruciferous vegetables | 1.454 | 0.477 | 0.519–4.072 |
| Other vegetables | 2.485 | 0.266 | 0.499–12.358 |
| Fruit | 0.338 | 0.033 * | 0.125–0.916 |
| Animal foods | 1.646 | 0.541 | 0.333–8.146 |
| Fish oil (ω3 FA) supplements | 0.982 | 0.965 | 0.437–2.207 |
| Multi-nutrient supplements | 0.702 | 0.373 | 0.323–1.527 |
| High calorie/fat/sugar/salt foods | 0.993 | 0.990 | 0.360–2.740 |
| Herbal teas | 1.113 | 0.753 | 0.570–2.170 |
* Significant at p < 0.05. BFP, Body fat percentage; BMI, Body mass index; CI, Confidence interval; ω-3 FA, Omega-3 fatty acids; PA, Physical activity level; OR, Odds ratio.