Table 3.
Adjusted* beta coefficients and 95% confidence intervals for the association between 6 week human milk leptin concentration z-score and child BMI or change in BMI z-scores up to age 2 years.
| Parameter | Standardized Human Milk Leptin Concentrations | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| UBCS | SPATZ | |||
| All Children β (95% CI) |
All
Children β (95% CI) |
Exclusively
Breastfed at 3–4 Weeks β (95% CI) |
2–3
Day BMI z-score (–1 to +1) β (95% CI) |
|
| Cross-sectional models (BMI measurement) | ||||
| Week 4 to 5 | –0.07 (–0.14; 0.01) | -0.13 (–0.21; –0.05)β† | –0.17 (–0.26; –0.08) β† | –0.17 (–0.27; -0.07)β† |
| Month 3 to 4 | –0.03 (–0.11; 0.05) | -0.12 (-–0.21; –0.03)β† | –0.16 (–0.27; –0.06)β† | –0.13 (–0.24; -0.02)α† |
| Month 6 to 7 | –0.01 (–0.08; 0.07) | -0.05 (–0.14; 0.04) | –0.09 (–0.19; 0.01) | –0.01 (–0.12; 0.10) |
| Longitudinal models (change in BMI from the week 4 to 5 measure) | ||||
| Up to month 3 to 4 | 0.04 (–0.05; 0.13) | 0.04 (–0.04; 0.13) | 0.08 (–0.02; 0.18) | 0.02 (–0.08; 0.12) |
| Up to month 6 to 7 | 0.06 (–0.02; 0.13) | 0.07 (–0.01; 0.15) | 0.06 (–0.03; 0.16) | 0.14 ( 0.04; 0.24)β† |
| Up to 1 year | 0.02 (–0.06; 0.10) | 0.03 (–0.06; 0.11) | 0.02 (–0.07; 0.12) | 0.10 ( 0.01; 0.20)α |
| Up to 2 years | 0.05 (–0.04; 0.13) | 0.09 ( 0.00; 0.19) | 0.09 (–0.02; 0.20) | 0.16 ( 0.04; 0.27)β† |
* BMI measure z-scores were adjusted for sex and age at sampling or between sampling periods (longitudinal models). Values shown for UBCS are pre-pregnancy BMI-standardized and for SPATZ are maternal BMI-standardized leptin z-scores. All models were additionally adjusted for maternal birth country, education, age at delivery, and history of smoking in the year before pregnancy. All models except those restricted to 2–3 day BMI z-score –1 to +1 were additionally adjusted for child BMI at delivery (UBCS) or at 2–3 days of age (SPATZ). α p-value < 0.05, β p-value < 0.01, † remains statistically significant (p < 0.05) following false discovery rate (FDR) adjustment.