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. 2019 Aug 20;9(8):383. doi: 10.3390/biom9080383

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© 2019 by the authors.

Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

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Scheme 1 — Proposed reaction mechanism for the carboxypropylation of lignosulfonate via an S_N1 pathway: (a) formation of carbocation; (b) reaction of carbocated chemical with bulky nucleophile [66,69]; (c) undesired 2-hydroxybutanoic acid sodium product.