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Morphology and porosity of alginate membranes. (a) Micrographs by scanning electronic microscopy of the alginate membrane surface (A, B, D, and E) and membrane thickness (C and F). Magnification of 100× for A, D; 220× in B, C, E and F; the scale bar is 100 μm; (b) pore diameter and membrane thickness of M4 and CNp‒M4 membranes, mean ± SE, n = 3. * indicates that p < 0.05 is statistically significant.
