Table 5.
The associations between dietary saturated, monounsaturated fatty acids, total cholesterol (high vs. low) and stomach cancer, stratified by tobacco smoking, alcohol drinking, H. pylori infection, and dietary sodium intake.
| Stratum | aOR (95% CI) * | p † | rOR (95% CI) * | p † | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Tobacco smoking | Never-smokers | Ever-smokers | Never-smokers | Ever-smokers | ||
| SFAs | 1.43 (1.11, 1.83) | 1.13 (0.92, 1.39) | 0.04 | 1.21 (0.97, 1.50) | 1.20 (1.00, 1.45) | 0.95 |
| MUFAs | 1.43 (1.12, 1.82) | 1.22 (1.00, 1.50) | 0.10 | 1.16 (0.93, 1.44) | 1.24 (1.03, 1.49) | 0.63 |
| Total cholesterol | 1.36 (1.10, 1.70) | 1.34 (1.11, 1.62) | 0.28 | 1.46 (1.18, 1.81) | 1.24 (1.03, 1.49) | 0.11 |
| Alcohol drinking | Non-drinkers | Drinkers | Non-drinkers | Drinkers | ||
| SFAs | 1.33 (1.07, 1.66) | 1.13 (0.88, 1.45) | 0.03 | 1.18 (0.97, 1.43) | 1.17 (0.94, 1.47) | 0.79 |
| MUFAs | 1.33 (1.07, 1.66) | 1.24 (0.97, 1.59) | 0.11 | 1.18 (0.97, 1.44) | 1.18 (0.94, 1.47) | 0.73 |
| Total cholesterol | 1.49 (1.22, 1.82) | 1.24 (0.99, 1.55) | 0.07 | 1.49 (1.23, 1.81) | 1.20 (0.96, 1.50) | 0.24 |
| H. pylori infection | Negative | Positive | Negative | Positive | ||
| SFAs | 1.50 (1.06, 2.11) | 1.17 (0.97, 1.42) | 0.36 | 1.27 (0.94, 1.71) | 1.19 (1.01, 1.41) | 0.83 |
| MUFAs | 1.46 (1.04, 2.05) | 1.26 (1.05, 1.52) | 0.62 | 1.15 (0.85, 1.56) | 1.23 (1.04, 1.46) | 0.72 |
| Total cholesterol | 1.86 (1.37, 2.54) | 1.26 (1.07, 1.50) | 0.11 | 1.85 (1.36, 2.50) | 1.25 (1.06, 1.48) | 0.09 |
| Dietary sodium intake | Low | High | Low | High | ||
| SFAs | 1.40 (1.11, 1.76) | 1.16 (0.92, 1.46) | 0.04 | 1.40 (1.14, 1.72) | 1.05 (0.85, 1.29) | 0.12 |
| MUFAs | 1.54 (1.23, 1.94) | 1.16 (0.92, 1.45) | 0.01 | 1.38 (1.12, 1.70) | 1.08 (0.88, 1.33) | 0.21 |
| Total cholesterol | 1.39 (1.12, 1.73) | 1.35 (1.10, 1.66) | 0.55 | 1.44 (1.16, 1.77) | 1.32 (1.08, 1.61) | 0.64 |
| Family history of stomach cancer | No | Yes | No | Yes | ||
| SFAs | 1.27 (1.06, 1.51) | 1.07 (0.58, 1.97) | 0.96 | 1.20 (1.03, 1.40) | 1.39 (0.82, 2.34) | 0.54 |
| MUFAs | 1.31 (1.11, 1.56) | 1.30 (0.71, 2.36) | 0.79 | 1.21 (1.04, 1.41) | 1.35 (0.80, 2.26) | 0.68 |
| Total cholesterol | 1.37 (1.17, 1.60) | 1.51 (0.89, 2.54) | 0.71 | 1.34 (1.15, 1.56) | 1.74 (1.04, 2.91) | 0.18 |
Notes: aOR: adjusted odds ratios; rOR: adjusted odds ratios with residual method; SFAs: saturated fatty acids; MUFAs: monounsaturated fatty acids. * Adjusted for study area, age (continuous), gender (male/female), education level (illiterate, primary school, middle school, high school or above), income 10 years ago (<1000, 1000 to <1500, 1500 to <2500, ≥2500), smoking (continuous, pack-years), alcohol consumption (continuous, g ethanol/day), H. pylori infection (positive/negative), family history of stomach cancer (yes/no), BMI (<18.5, 18.5 to <24, 24 to <28, ≥28), exercise 10 years ago (yes/no), dietary sodium intake (quartile levels of raw and energy-adjusted values), total energy intake (continuous, kcal/day), except for the corresponding variable used for stratification. † Test for heterogeneity and p < 0.1 was considered statistically significant.