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Seasonal development of antibacterial activity (a), the activity of phenoloxidase (b) and haemocytes counts (c) in honey bee haemolymph. Red striped areas indicate summer generations of honey bees (May–August), and blue area indicates winter generation (October–March). Dots represent mean ± SD, n = 3–5. Dotted line represents annual average (October 2017–September 2018). Asterisk indicates significant difference ** p < 0.01, *** p < 0.001, ns = not significant.
