Table 4.

Advantages, limitations, and applications of biological-derived ceramic bone grafts.

Bone Grafts	Advantages	Limitations	Clinical Application
Autografts	Osteoinductivity Osteoconductivity Biocompatibility Bone mechanical properties	Postoperative morbidity Limited volume Increase in surgical time Additional anesthetic procedure required	Gold standard in trauma and dentistry when possible
Allografts	Osteoinductivity Osteoconductivity Biocompatibility High availability Reduced surgical time	Lower osteoinductive capacity than autografts Inferior mechanical properties Costly and laborious processing Potential risk of diseases transmission	Osteoarticular reconstructive surgery Foot and ankle surgery
Mammalian xenografts	Bone tissue physiological similarities Osteogenic and bone inductive properties Excellent support for bone colonization	Low tissue remodeling Stay mainly unaltered on the host bone Batch variability	Filling of bone voids following trauma, reconstruction in orthopedics, spinal surgery, periodontal, oral, and maxillofacial surgery
Marine xenografts	Interconnected porosity Hierarchical structure Osteoconductivity Availability in large quantities	Weak mechanical properties Fast degradation Batch variability	Bone fillers in non-load bearing regions