Table 1.
Socioeconomicand lifestyle characteristics of participants “with Metabolic Syndrome” (n = 333) and “without Metabolic Syndrome” (n = 144) stratified by sex.
| Men | Women | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Without MetS (n = 63) | With MetS (n = 183) | p-Value * | Without MetS (n = 81) | With MetS (n = 150) | p-Value * | |||||
| Mean ± SD | Median (IQR) | Mean ± SD | Median (IQR) | Mean ± SD | Median (IQR) | Mean ± SD | Median (IQR) | |||
| Age (y) | 63.8 ± 5.9 | 64.0 (59.0, 67.0) | 64.1 ± 5.9 | 64.0 (59.0, 69.0) | 0.544 | 66.8 ± 5.0 | 66.0 (63.0, 70.0) | 65.9 ± 4.5 | 66.0(62.0, 69.0) | 0.340 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 27.0 ± 3.2 | 27.5 (24.9, 28.7) | 32.0 ± 3.6 | 31.9 (29.0, 34.5) | <0.001 | 25.3 ± 3.3 | 25.6 (22.9, 27.4) | 32.8 ± 4.2 | 32.7 (30.1, 36.1) | <0.001 |
| Current smoking habit (%) | ||||||||||
| Yes | 6.3 | 14.8 | 0.081 | 6.2 | 12.8 | 0.119 | ||||
| No | 93.7 | 85.2 | 93.8 | 87.2 | ||||||
| Education (%) | ||||||||||
| Primary | 39.7 | 37.1 | 0.660 | 53.1 | 60.0 | 0.595 | ||||
| Secondary | 39.7 | 36.5 | 30.9 | 26.9 | ||||||
| University or graduate | 20.6 | 26.4 | 16.0 | 13.1 | ||||||
| Total physica lactivity(n) † | 63 | 158 | 81 | 131 | ||||||
| Total physical activity (MET·hour/week) † | 123 ± 208 | 84 (60, 117) | 61 ± 50 | 46 (24, 85) | <0.001 | 88 ± 34 | 84 (63, 107) | 60 ± 46 | 46 (26, 89) | <0.001 |
| MetScomponents | ||||||||||
| High blood pressure | ||||||||||
| Systolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 137.0 ± 19.0 | 134.5 (124, 143) | 141.0 ± 16.9 | 141 (129.7, 148.5) | 0.038 | 135.9 ± 15.8 | 136 (125.8, 146.3) | 138.4 ± 17.3 | 137.6 (126.7, 148.6) | 0.280 |
| Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 81.5 ± 9.4 | 81.5 (74.5, 88.5) | 82.8 ± 9.5 | 83 (75.7, 89.5) | 0.362 | 79.9 ± 9.0 | 80.5 (74.3, 86.3) | 79.6 ± 9.8 | 79.7 (74.6, 85.3) | 0.828 |
| (%) ‡ | 76.2 | 95.6 | <0.001 § | 69.1 | 88.0 | <0.001 § | ||||
| Hyperglycaemia (mg/dL) | 98.3 ± 32.2 | 97 (71, 119) | 119.9 ± 39.0 | 110 (100, 127) | <0.001 | 89.0 ± 8.0 | 89 (83, 94) | 110.5 ± 23.4 | 104 (95, 120) | <0.001 |
| (%) ‡ | 27.0 | 81.4 | <0.001 § | 3.7 | 48.0 | <0.001 § | ||||
| Hypertriglyceridemia (mg/dL) | 96.2 ± 9.2 | 95 (93, 100) | 155.6 ± 77.1 | 133 (96, 198) | <0.001 | 84.5 ± 27.2 | 80 (64, 100) | 135.3 ± 55.5 | 125 (91, 169.8) | <0.001 |
| (%) ‡ | 9.5 | 53.6 | <0.001 § | 11.0 | 51.6 | <0.001 § | ||||
| Low HDL-cholesterol (mg/dL) | 51.5 ± 9.9 | 50 (45, 55) | 41.2 ± 10.0 | 40 (35, 46) | <0.001 | 63.3 ± 11.9 | 63 (55.5, 71) | 49.1 ± 10.7 | 48 (42, 54.5) | <0.001 |
| (%) ‡ | 11.1 | 53.0 | <0.001 § | 22.2 | 58.0 | <0.001 § | ||||
| Abdominal obesity (cm) | 92.9 ± 10.1 | 94 (87.7, 99.2) | 112.1 ± 10.3 | 111.1 (103.9, 120.5) | <0.001 | 79.9 ± 7.7 | 80 (75.4, 85.4) | 104.6 ± 11.1 | 105.5 (97.0, 112.3) | <0.001 |
| (%) ‡ | 12.7 | 86.3 | <0.001 § | 11.1 | 960 | <0.001 § | ||||
Abbreviations: BMI, body mass index; FA, fatty acids; FQI, fat quality index; IQR, interquartile range; MetS, Metabolic Syndrome; MET, metabolic equivalent of task; MUFAs, monounsaturated fatty acids; PUFAs, polyunsaturated fatty acids; SD, standard deviation; SFAs, saturated fatty acids.* Differences in means between participants without and with MetS were tested by unpaired Students’ t-test. † Participants who did not respond to the physical activity questionnaires were excluded from the analysis (i.e., 25 men and 19 women). ‡ Percentage (%) of patients without and with MetS. § Differences between participants without and with MetS were tested by χ2.