Table 2.
Nutrient intake in participants “with Metabolic Syndrome” (n = 333)and “without Metabolic Syndrome” (n = 144) stratified by sex.
| Men | Women | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Without MetS (n = 63) | With MetS (n = 183) | p-Value * | Without MetS (n = 81) | With MetS (n = 150) | p-Value * | |||||
| Mean ±SD | Median (IQR) | Mean ±SD | Median (IQR) | Mean ±SD | Median (IQR) | Mean ±SD | Median (IQR) | |||
| Energy intake (kcal/day) | 2872 ± 738 | 2858 (2315, 3282) | 2641 ± 689 | 2561 (2153, 3071) | 0.019 | 2366 ± 698 | 2323 (1881, 2697) | 2071 ± 543 | 1952 (1713, 2448) | <0.001 |
| Carbohydrate intake (% total E) | 44.7 ± 6.2 | 44.7 (41.3, 48.3) | 40.0 ± 6.8 | 40.7 (34.9, 45.2) | <0.001 | 44.6 ± 5.2 | 44.3 (40.7, 47.1) | 41.0 ± 6.9 | 40.9 (36.4, 45.5) | <0.001 |
| Protein intake (% total E) | 15.9 ± 2.4 | 15.6 (14.3, 17.6) | 16.3 ± 3.1 | 15.9 (14.3, 17.7) | 0.599 | 16.9 ± 3.0 | 16.4 (14.9, 18.5) | 18.0± 3.2 | 18.0 (15.7, 20.4) | 0.010 |
| Fat intake (% total E) | 36.2 ± 6.1 | 35.6 (31.6, 40.2) | 38.9 ± 7.0 | 38.6 (34.0, 44.0) | 0.008 | 37.6 ± 5.7 | 37.8 (32.8, 41.3) | 40.9 ± 7.6 | 40.7 (35.5, 46.1) | <0.001 |
| PUFA (% total E) | 7.6 ± 3.4 | 6.3 (5.3, 9.1) | 7.5 ± 3.0 | 6.7 (5.5, 8.8) | 0.673 | 8.0 ± 3.6 | 6.6 (5.8, 8.9) | 8.1 ± 4.1 | 6.7 (5.6, 9.2) | 0.941 |
| MUFA (% total E) | 17.5 ± 4.3 | 16.8 (14.5, 19.7) | 19.3 ± 5.0 | 18.8 (15.9, 22.2) | 0.007 | 18.9 ± 4.4 | 18.3 (15.5, 21.1) | 21.1 ± 5.9 | 20.3 (17.1, 24.6) | 0.003 |
| SFA (% total E) | 11.7 ± 3.5 | 10.9 (9.6, 12.9) | 12.0 ± 3.3 | 11.4 (9.6, 13.3) | 0.517 | 12.5 ± 3.6 | 11.6 (9.9, 14.4) | 12.5 ± 4.0 | 11.6 (10.1, 13.8) | 0.975 |
| Trans FA (g/d) | 8.1 ± 8.9 | 4.7 (2.9, 7.2) | 6.8 ± 7.5 | 3.8 (2.3, 6.5) | 0.123 | 7.8 ± 8.5 | 4.9 (2.8, 10.3) | 6.4 ± 8.5 | 3.0 (1.5, 5.4) | 0.005 |
| Linoleic acid (g/d) | 16.2 ± 10.5 | 12.5 (8.8, 21.2) | 14.5 ± 8.9 | 11.2 (8.5, 18.8) | 0.298 | 14.7 ± 9.8 | 11.7 (8.7, 16.8) | 12.9 ± 9.6 | 10.0 (6.5, 16.3) | 0.034 |
| ω-3 FA (g/d) | 26.0 ± 36.0 | 9.2 (8.9, 18.9) | 21.2 ± 29.8 | 9.2 (1.2, 18.2) | 0.135 | 26.5 ± 34.5 | 9.4 (8.7, 35.2) | 21.8 ± 34.0 | 8.9 (1.0, 17.9) | 0.003 |
| Linolenic acid (g/d) | 7.0 ± 9.0 | 2.8 (2.5, 5.5) | 5.8 ± 7.5 | 2.8 (0.8, 5.1) | 0.168 | 7.1 ± 8.6 | 3.1 (2.4, 9.2) | 5.8 ± 8.5 | 2.6 (0.6, 4.9) | 0.003 |
| Marine ω-3 FA (g/d) | 12.7 ± 18.0 | 4.4 (4.2, 9.1) | 10.3 ± 14.9 | 4.3 (0.3, 8.9) | 0.111 | 13.0 ± 17.3 | 4.5 (4.1, 17.4) | 10.7 ± 17.0 | 4.2 (0.3, 8.8) | 0.009 |
| Non-marine ω-3 FA (g/d) | 13.2 ± 18.0 | 4.9 (4.5, 10) | 10.9 ± 14.9 | 4.9 (0.9, 9.4) | 0.161 | 13.5 ± 17.3 | 5.1 (4.5, 17.9) | 11.1 ± 17.0 | 4.6 (0.7, 9.2) | 0.002 |
| Animal fat (g/d) | 49.8 ± 18.2 | 46.1 (38.5, 59.7) | 48.3 ± 19.6 | 43.7 (34.8, 59.2) | 0.307 | 41.5 ± 23.1 | 38.6 (27.3, 50.0) | 36.0 ± 13.2 | 35.0 (26.2, 44.1) | 0.091 |
| Vegetable fat (g/d) | 65.7 ± 23.4 | 62.3 (45.2, 85.4) | 64.9 ± 22.8 | 62.8 (48.1, 79.9) | 0.799 | 57.7 ± 19.9 | 56.1 (41.8, 69.2) | 58.3 ± 23.9 | 56.6 (41.9, 70.4) | 0.987 |
| FQI, score | 1.9 ± 0.5 | 1.7 (1.6, 2.1) | 2.0 ± 0.4 | 1.9 (1.7, 2.3) | 0.048 | 1.8 ± 0.4 | 1.8 (1.6, 2.0) | 2.1 ± 0.5 | 2.0 (1.7, 2.4) | <0.001 |
| Cholesterol (mg/d) | 362 ± 105 | 358 (289, 423) | 348 ± 115 | 334 (274, 399) | 0.146 | 303 ± 122 | 286 (243, 349) | 288 ± 79 | 283 (250, 355) | 0.819 |
| Fiber intake (g/d) | 42.2 ± 17.0 | 38.2 (28.2, 52.0) | 32.9 ± 13.1 | 31.2 (22.6, 39.5) | <0.001 | 38.6 ± 16.7 | 34.0 (28.9, 45.3) | 31.2 ± 14.9 | 27.3 (20.9, 36.2) | <0.001 |
Abbreviations: E, energy; FA, fatty acids; FQI, fat quality index; IQR, interquartile range; MetS, Metabolic Syndrome; MUFAs, monounsaturated fatty acids; PUFAs, polyunsaturated fatty acids; SD, standard deviation; SFAs, saturated fatty acids. * Difference in means between participants without and with MetS were tested by unpaired Students’ t-test.