Table 1.
Two-way ANOVA analysis of relative expression of genes involved in oxidative stress in AD and HC lymphoblasts treated with selenite (Se (IV)), selenate (Se (VI)), and resveratrol (RV).
| Gene Name | Association with Oxidative Stress | Ref | Gene Symbol | Interaction | Treatment Effect | Disease Effect | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| F | (Dfn, DFd) | p-Value | F | (Dfn, DFd) | p-Value | F | (Dfn, DFd) | p-Value | ||||
| Catalase | Catalase is an enzyme that protects aerobic cells from oxidative stress by catalyzing the rapid decomposition of hydrogen peroxide. | [47] | CAT | 0.368 | (3, 12) | 0.7775 | 59.07 | (3, 12) | <0.0001 | 0.00215 | (1, 12) | 0.9638 |
| Copper chaperone for SOD1 | CCS is involved in physiological SOD1 activation (one of the three superoxide dismutases responsible for metabolizing free superoxide radicals in the body), and its primary function is thought to be the delivery of copper to the enzyme. | [48] | CCS | 0.3915 | (3, 11) | 0.7616 | 3.52 | (3, 11) | 0.0524 | 7.828 | (1, 11) | 0.0173 |
| Alpha-galactosidase | GLA is an enzyme that hydrolyses the terminal alpha-galactosyl moieties from glycolipids and glycoproteins. Insufficient activity of GLA leads to accumulation of ROS. | [49] | GLA | 0.0085 | (3, 11) | 0.9988 | 0.6197 | (3, 11) | 0.6167 | 3.679 | (1, 11) | 0.0814 |
| Glutathione peroxidase 1 | Glutathione peroxidase (GPX) is a class of antioxidant enzymes that catalyze the reduction of hydrogen peroxide to water. GPX1 overexpression is associated with enhanced protection against oxidative stress. GPX4 is the only glutathione peroxidase that accepts phospholipid hydroperoxides in membranes as an oxidizing substrate, and under conditions of glutathione deprivation, protein-thiol groups as the reducing substrate. | [50] | GPX1 | 0.3812 | (3, 12) | 0.7684 | 1.062 | (3, 12) | 0.4014 | 4.048 | (1, 12) | 0.0672 |
| Glutathione peroxidase 4 | [51] | GPX4 | 0.99 | (3, 12) | 0.4304 | 2.928 | (3, 12) | 0.0770 | 2.928 | (1, 12) | 0.1128 | |
| Glutathione reductase | GSR is an enzyme involved in the glutathione-dependent antioxidant system by reducing oxidized glutathione. | [52] | GSR | 0.0076 | (3, 11) | 0.9990 | 0.953 | (3, 11) | 0.4487 | 1.935 | (1, 11) | 0.1917 |
| Glutathione S-transferase zeta 1 | GSTZ1 catalyzes glutathione-dependent isomerization of maleylacetoacetate to fumarylacetoacetate, which is the second-to-last step in the vital phenylalanine and tyrosine degradation pathway. Deficiency of this enzyme causes oxidative stress and activation of antioxidant response pathways. | [53] | GSTZ1 | 0.7762 | (3, 11) | 0.5313 | 10.16 | (3, 11) | 0.0017 | 6.139 | (1, 11) | 0.0307 |
| Nuclear factor (erythroid-derived 2)-like 2 | NFE2L2 is a transcription factor involved in the intracellular antioxidant machinery. This enzyme transactivates genes with antioxidant response elements (AREs), and it coordinates the expression of cytoprotective genes to counteract endogenously or exogenously generated oxidative stress | [54] | NFE2L2 | 0.05632 | (3, 12) | 0.9816 | 15.56 | (3, 12) | 0.0002 | 0.2812 | (1, 12) | 0.6056 |
| Peroxiredoxin 5 | PRDX5 is a novel thioredoxin peroxidase which directly promotes the elimination of hydrogen peroxide and neutralization of other reactive oxygen species. | [55] | PRDX5 | 0.5956 | (3, 11) | 0.6309 | 1.719 | (3, 11) | 0.2206 | 4.015 | (1, 11) | 0.0704 |
| Superoxide dismutase 2 | This gene is a member of the iron/manganese superoxide dismutase family. It encodes an antioxidant mitochondrial protein that binds to the superoxide byproducts of oxidative phosphorylation and converts them to hydrogen peroxide and diatomic oxygen. | [56] | SOD2 | 0.09583 | (3, 12) | 0.9609 | 14.93 | (3, 12) | 0.0002 | 0.6395 | (1, 12) | 0.4394 |
| Thioredoxin interacting protein | TXNIP is a negative regulator of TRX, which plays a major role in maintaining the redox status. It is upregulated with aging; its overexpression shortens lifespan due to elevated oxidative DNA damage, whereas its downregulation enhances oxidative stress resistance and extends lifespan. | [57] | TXNIP | 0.3262 | (3, 11) | 0.8065 | 3.863 | (3, 11) | 0.0413 | 7.142 | (1, 11) | 0.0217 |
p-values < 0.05 were considered statistically significant. DF stands for degrees of freedom. Bold and italic values correspond to statistically significant p-values and p-values < 0.1, respectively.