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. 2019 Jul 31;11(8):1764. doi: 10.3390/nu11081764

Table 1.

Two-way ANOVA analysis of relative expression of genes involved in oxidative stress in AD and HC lymphoblasts treated with selenite (Se (IV)), selenate (Se (VI)), and resveratrol (RV).

Gene Name Association with Oxidative Stress Ref Gene Symbol Interaction Treatment Effect Disease Effect
F (Dfn, DFd) p-Value F (Dfn, DFd) p-Value F (Dfn, DFd) p-Value
Catalase Catalase is an enzyme that protects aerobic cells from oxidative stress by catalyzing the rapid decomposition of hydrogen peroxide. [47] CAT 0.368 (3, 12) 0.7775 59.07 (3, 12) <0.0001 0.00215 (1, 12) 0.9638
Copper chaperone for SOD1 CCS is involved in physiological SOD1 activation (one of the three superoxide dismutases responsible for metabolizing free superoxide radicals in the body), and its primary function is thought to be the delivery of copper to the enzyme. [48] CCS 0.3915 (3, 11) 0.7616 3.52 (3, 11) 0.0524 7.828 (1, 11) 0.0173
Alpha-galactosidase GLA is an enzyme that hydrolyses the terminal alpha-galactosyl moieties from glycolipids and glycoproteins. Insufficient activity of GLA leads to accumulation of ROS. [49] GLA 0.0085 (3, 11) 0.9988 0.6197 (3, 11) 0.6167 3.679 (1, 11) 0.0814
Glutathione peroxidase 1 Glutathione peroxidase (GPX) is a class of antioxidant enzymes that catalyze the reduction of hydrogen peroxide to water. GPX1 overexpression is associated with enhanced protection against oxidative stress. GPX4 is the only glutathione peroxidase that accepts phospholipid hydroperoxides in membranes as an oxidizing substrate, and under conditions of glutathione deprivation, protein-thiol groups as the reducing substrate. [50] GPX1 0.3812 (3, 12) 0.7684 1.062 (3, 12) 0.4014 4.048 (1, 12) 0.0672
Glutathione peroxidase 4 [51] GPX4 0.99 (3, 12) 0.4304 2.928 (3, 12) 0.0770 2.928 (1, 12) 0.1128
Glutathione reductase GSR is an enzyme involved in the glutathione-dependent antioxidant system by reducing oxidized glutathione. [52] GSR 0.0076 (3, 11) 0.9990 0.953 (3, 11) 0.4487 1.935 (1, 11) 0.1917
Glutathione S-transferase zeta 1 GSTZ1 catalyzes glutathione-dependent isomerization of maleylacetoacetate to fumarylacetoacetate, which is the second-to-last step in the vital phenylalanine and tyrosine degradation pathway. Deficiency of this enzyme causes oxidative stress and activation of antioxidant response pathways. [53] GSTZ1 0.7762 (3, 11) 0.5313 10.16 (3, 11) 0.0017 6.139 (1, 11) 0.0307
Nuclear factor (erythroid-derived 2)-like 2 NFE2L2 is a transcription factor involved in the intracellular antioxidant machinery. This enzyme transactivates genes with antioxidant response elements (AREs), and it coordinates the expression of cytoprotective genes to counteract endogenously or exogenously generated oxidative stress [54] NFE2L2 0.05632 (3, 12) 0.9816 15.56 (3, 12) 0.0002 0.2812 (1, 12) 0.6056
Peroxiredoxin 5 PRDX5 is a novel thioredoxin peroxidase which directly promotes the elimination of hydrogen peroxide and neutralization of other reactive oxygen species. [55] PRDX5 0.5956 (3, 11) 0.6309 1.719 (3, 11) 0.2206 4.015 (1, 11) 0.0704
Superoxide dismutase 2 This gene is a member of the iron/manganese superoxide dismutase family. It encodes an antioxidant mitochondrial protein that binds to the superoxide byproducts of oxidative phosphorylation and converts them to hydrogen peroxide and diatomic oxygen. [56] SOD2 0.09583 (3, 12) 0.9609 14.93 (3, 12) 0.0002 0.6395 (1, 12) 0.4394
Thioredoxin interacting protein TXNIP is a negative regulator of TRX, which plays a major role in maintaining the redox status. It is upregulated with aging; its overexpression shortens lifespan due to elevated oxidative DNA damage, whereas its downregulation enhances oxidative stress resistance and extends lifespan. [57] TXNIP 0.3262 (3, 11) 0.8065 3.863 (3, 11) 0.0413 7.142 (1, 11) 0.0217

p-values < 0.05 were considered statistically significant. DF stands for degrees of freedom. Bold and italic values correspond to statistically significant p-values and p-values < 0.1, respectively.