Figure 14.

PtNPs aberrantly upregulate DNA damage and repair genes (A–F). U2OS cells were treated with PtNPs (10 μg/mL), DOX (1 μg/mL), CIS (5 μg/mL), or a combination of PtNPs (10 μg/mL) and DOX (1 μg/mL) or combination of DOX (1 μg/mL) and CIS (5 μg/mL) for 24 h and the relative mRNA expression of DNA damage genes was analyzed by quantitative RT-PCR. Expression was determined as the fold change compared to GAPDH expression. Differences between the treated and control groups were measured using Student’s t-test and statistically significant differences are indicated by * (p < 0.05). The results are presented as mean ± standard deviation of three experiments. * p < 0.05 was considered significant; ** p < 0.01 was considered highly significant and *** p < 0.001 was considered very highly significant.