Table 4.
Mean daily micronutrient density (by sex and age) and their comparison between 1997 and 2008/2009, in the study population (n = 3581), aged ≥20 years, Lebanon.
| Males (n = 1572) |
Females (n = 2009) |
Both Sexes (n = 3581) |
|||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1997 (n = 436) |
2008/2009 (n = 1136) |
p-Value | 1997 (n = 627) |
2008/2009 (n = 1382) |
p-Value | 1997 (n = 1063) |
2008/2009 (n = 2518) |
p-Value | |
| 20–39.9 years | |||||||||
| Calcium (mg/1000 kcal intake) | 326.97 ± 17.33 | 313.32 ± 9.33 | 0.491 | 326.5 ± 10.39 | 328.65 ± 6.74 | 0.863 | 326.78 ± 9.2 | 321.91 ± 5.55 | 0.653 |
| Iron (mg/1000 kcal intake) | 5.02 ± 0.17 | 5.29 ± 0.09 | 0.182 | 5.35 ± 0.14 | 5.54 ± 0.09 | 0.261 | 5.2 ± 0.11 | 5.44 ± 0.06 | 0.069 |
| Zinc (mg/1000 kcal intake) | 4.57 ± 0.18 | 4.45 ± 0.1 | 0.563 | 4.18 ± 0.12 | 4.48 ± 0.08 | 0.049 | 4.32 ± 0.1 | 4.46 ± 0.06 | 0.238 |
| Vitamin A (µg/1000 kcal intake) | 345.68 ± 75.92 | 399.95 ± 40.9 | 0.532 | 551.13 ± 68.82 | 482.33 ± 44.66 | 0.404 | 469.96 ± 51.33 | 449.78 ± 30.98 | 0.738 |
| Vitamin C (mg/1000 kcal intake) | 40.24 ± 2.63 | 41.56 ± 1.42 | 0.660 | 61.81 ± 3.06 | 49.1 ± 1.98 | 0.001 | 53.64 ± 2.14 | 46.04 ± 1.29 | 0.003 |
| Vitamin B12 (µg/1000 kcal intake) | 1.75 ± 0.56 | 2.65 ± 0.3 | 0.169 | 2.11 ± 0.46 | 2.3 ± 0.3 | 0.731 | 1.98 ± 0.35 | 2.45 ± 0.21 | 0.264 |
| 40–59.9 years | |||||||||
| Calcium (mg/1000 kcal intake) | 315.2 ± 13.84 | 292.4 ± 9.51 | 0.176 | 371.87 ± 15.39 | 334.07 ± 10.76 | 0.048 | 346.52 ± 10.44 | 316 ± 7.28 | 0.017 |
| Iron (mg/1000 kcal intake) | 5.35 ± 0.2 | 5.42 ± 0.14 | 0.791 | 5.57 ± 0.19 | 5.73 ± 0.13 | 0.530 | 5.48 ± 0.14 | 5.59 ± 0.09 | 0.523 |
| Zinc (mg/1000 kcal intake) | 4.7 ± 0.19 | 4.51 ± 0.13 | 0.431 | 4.5 ± 0.16 | 4.54 ± 0.11 | 0.848 | 4.57 ± 0.12 | 4.53 ± 0.08 | 0.785 |
| Vitamin A (µg/1000 kcal intake) | 652.09 ± 138.37 | 423.22 ± 95.08 | 0.175 | 668.08 ± 123.21 | 516.05 ± 86.14 | 0.320 | 654.87 ± 90.92 | 477.88 ± 63.43 | 0.112 |
| Vitamin C (mg/1000 kcal intake) | 46.65 ± 2.69 | 41.41 ± 1.85 | 0.110 | 60.24 ± 3.22 | 46.68 ± 2.25 | 0.001 | 54.43 ± 2.13 | 44.31 ± 1.48 | <0.001 |
| Vitamin B12 (µg/1000 kcal intake) | 2.58 ± 0.74 | 2.73 ± 0.5 | 0.869 | 2.04 ± 0.64 | 2.73 ± 0.45 | 0.389 | 2.22 ± 0.48 | 2.75 ± 0.33 | 0.368 |
| ≥60 years | |||||||||
| Calcium (mg/1000 kcal intake) | 358.15 ± 17.28 | 324.34 ± 11.77 | 0.109 | 377.72 ± 21.26 | 384.98 ± 13.94 | 0.777 | 368.01 ± 13.59 | 353.97 ± 9.1 | 0.393 |
| Iron (mg/1000 kcal intake) | 5.4 ± 0.27 | 5.43 ± 0.19 | 0.929 | 5.57 ± 0.52 | 6.03 ± 0.34 | 0.463 | 5.44 ± 0.29 | 5.74 ± 0.19 | 0.388 |
| Zinc (mg/1000 kcal intake) | 4.35 ± 0.2 | 4.46 ± 0.13 | 0.663 | 4.14 ± 0.2 | 4.78 ± 0.13 | 0.012 | 4.26 ± 0.14 | 4.61 ± 0.09 | 0.043 |
| Vitamin A (µg/1000 kcal intake) | 702.73 ± 140.39 | 439.04 ± 95.63 | 0.124 | 528.86 ± 80.12 | 429.95 ± 52.57 | 0.306 | 620.36 ± 81.89 | 434.54 ± 54.88 | 0.061 |
| Vitamin C (mg/1000 kcal intake) | 42.97 ± 3.75 | 43.48 ± 2.55 | 0.911 | 53.56 ± 4.44 | 54.83 ± 2.91 | 0.813 | 47.75 ± 2.88 | 49.18 ± 1.93 | 0.681 |
| Vitamin B12 (µg/1000 kcal intake) | 4.33 ± 1.2 | 3.03 ± 0.81 | 0.375 | 3.03 ± 0.68 | 1.84 ± 0.44 | 0.148 | 3.72 ± 0.7 | 2.44 ± 0.46 | 0.132 |
| Total population (≥20 years) | |||||||||
| Calcium (mg/1000 kcal intake) | 329.76 ± 9.64 | 309 ± 5.94 | 0.068 | 348.12 ± 8.07 | 339.59 ± 5.38 | 0.383 | 339.47 ± 6.17 | 326.27 ± 3.98 | 0.073 |
| Iron (mg/1000 kcal intake) | 5.22 ± 0.12 | 5.36 ± 0.07 | 0.323 | 5.47 ± 0.13 | 5.68 ± 0.08 | 0.172 | 5.34 ± 0.09 | 5.55 ± 0.06 | 0.056 |
| Zinc (mg/1000 kcal intake) | 4.58 ± 0.12 | 4.47 ± 0.07 | 0.415 | 4.29 ± 0.09 | 4.54 ± 0.06 | 0.022 | 4.41 ± 0.07 | 4.51 ± 0.05 | 0.198 |
| Vitamin A (µg/1000 kcal intake) | 531.85 ± 65.81 | 419.23 ± 40.52 | 0.147 | 590.62 ± 55.42 | 484.14 ± 36.97 | 0.113 | 565.37 ± 42.17 | 455.34 ± 27.25 | 0.029 |
| Vitamin C (mg/1000 kcal intake) | 43.26 ± 1.68 | 41.9 ± 1.04 | 0.492 | 59.91 ± 2.02 | 49.28 ± 1.35 | <0.001 | 52.76 ± 1.36 | 46.08 ± 0.88 | <0.001 |
| Vitamin B12 (µg/1000 kcal intake) | 2.59 ± 0.44 | 2.78 ± 0.27 | 0.716 | 2.23 ± 0.34 | 2.37 ± 0.23 | 0.749 | 2.39 ± 0.27 | 2.55 ± 0.17 | 0.630 |
Values in this table represent means ± SE. The analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) was used to estimate adjusted means of dietary intake. Numbers in bold face are statistically significant (p-value ≤ 0.05).