Table 3.
Vinegar administrations in humans.
| Dose, Vinegar Type | Primary Outcome | Subjects | Effects | Study |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Unspecified vinegar | G&IR | Healthy (22–51 years), seven females (n = 10) | ↓ 35% postprandial glucose Delayed gastric emptying |
Björck et al. 2005 [130] |
| White vinegar 6% acetic acid | G&IR | Healthy (19–27 years), 10 females (n = 12) | ↓ Glucose and Insulin | Dimitriadis et al. (2015) [132] |
| White vinegar 6% acetic acid | G&IR | Healthy (19–32 years), 10 females (n = 13) | ↓ Glycemic index and Insulinemic index (43% and 31%, respectively) |
Diakoumoupolou et al. (2010) [133]. |
| Wine vinegar 6% acetic acid | Muscle glucose metabolism Circulating lipids endothelial function |
Individuals with impaired glucose tolerance (26–66 years), four females (n = 8) | ↑ Muscle blood flow 33% ↑ Muscle glucose uptake 35% |
Luc van Loon et al. (2012) [134] |
| Wine vinegar 1.2 grams acetic acid vs. placebo | G&IR | TD2M individuals (n = 8 vs. 8) (40–78 years), 4 females | ↓ iAUC120 Glucose 41% |
Crovetti et al. (1995) [135] |
| White vinegar 1-gram acetic acid | G&IR | TD2M male individuals (n = 12) (63–67 years) | No effect | Haldar et al. (2016) [136] |
Abbreviations: T2DM, type 2 diabetes mellitus. iAUC, incremental area under the curve. G&IR, glycemic and insulinemic response.