Table 4.
Acetogenic fiber administrations with effects on glucose homeostasis and metabolic health.
| Participants | Non-Digestible Carbohydrate | Design | Effects | Study |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| T2DM individuals (n = 43) | High fiber diet (n = 27) Control diet (n = 16) |
12 weeks RCT |
Higher improvement in glycemic control (HbA1c < 7%) in treatment (89% vs. 50%, respectively) ↑ abundance in SCFA microbiota producers in treatment |
Zhao et al. (2018) [190] |
| Healthy adults (n = 10) | 20 grams resistant starch 10 grams (3 times/day) |
4 weeks, placebo/controlled (20 grams digestible starch) | Improved whole-body insulin sensitivity (euglycemic-hyperinsulinaemic clamp) by 13% (p < 0.05) | Robertson et al. (2005) [11] |
| Hypercholesterolemic men (n = 20) | Oat bran (47.4 grams/day) wheat bran (control) (41.8 grams/day) | RCT 3 weeks |
↓ Total cholesterol (12.8%) Linked to high acetate in plasma ↑ Higher acetate in treatment |
Bridges et al. (1992) [189] |
| Healthy individuals (n = 14) | 0, 10, and 20 grams lactulose Control (water) |
Single dose | No effects in glucose homeostasis investigated Dose effect in acetate levels ↑ fermentation after 6 h |
Pomare et al. (1985) [51] |
| Healthy individuals (n = 19) | Arabynoxylan oligosaccharides (AXOS) (8.9 grams) High AXOS (18.4 grams) |
Randomized cross-over Overnight administration |
↑ improvement in glucose tolerance ↑ improved insulin sensitivity index with High AXOS Dose-effect increase in plasma acetate (>200 µmol/L) |
Boli et al. (2016) [187] |
| Overweight obese individuals (n = 53) | Pea fiber (15 grams/day) Control (no fiber) |
RCT 12 weeks |
No effects in glucose homeostasis ↑ Fecal acetate No effects on plasma acetate |
Mayengbang et al. (2017) [194] |
| Lean/overweight individuals (n = 12, 13 respectively) | Inulin (24 grams) Control (glucose) |
Cross-overSingle dose | ↑ Acetate in plasma Possibly linked to ghrelin reduction |
Rahat-Rozenbloom et al. (2016) [109] |
| Overweight individuals (n = 8) | Lactulose (30 grams) | Single dose | ↑ Acetate in plasma Correlation of acetate and in lipolysis (glycerol turnover) |
Ferchaud-Roucher et al. (2005) [188] |
Abbreviations: T2DM, type 2 diabetes mellitus. RCT, randomized controlled trial. HbA1c, glycated hemoglobin. SCFA, short chain fatty acids.