Table 1.
Mean and standard deviations of sample characteristics.
| Years of Age | ||||||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2 to 3 (n = 328) |
3 to 4 (n = 366) |
4 to 5 (n = 299) |
5 to 6 (n = 358) |
6 to 7 (n = 307) |
7 to 8 (n = 401) |
8 to 9 (n = 372) |
9 to 10 (n = 416) |
10 to 11 (n = 360) |
11 to 12 (n = 363) |
|||||||||||
| Children | ||||||||||||||||||||
| Sex % girls/boys |
49.1/50.9 | 48.6/51.4 | 48.2/51.8 | 48.0/52.0 | 50.2/49.8 | 49.1/50.9 | 44.9/55.1 | 44.0/56.0 | 43.6/56.4 | 46.0/54.0 | ||||||||||
| Age | 2.04 ± 0.16 | 3.05 ± 0.17 | 3.02 ± 0.21 | 4.03 ± 0.21 | 4.04 ± 0.26 | 5.04 ± 0.26 | 4.99 ± 0.27 | 5.99 ± 0.27 | 5.97 ± 0.28 | 6.98 ± 0.29 | 6.97 ± 0.29 | 7.97 ± 0.28 | 7.99 ± 0.28 | 9.00 ± 0.28 | 8.99 ± 0.27 | 10.00 ± 0.27 | 9.98 ± 0.28 | 10.99 ± 0.28 | 11.01 ± 0.29 | 12.02 ± 0.29 |
| zBMI | 0.24 ± 0.81 | 0.23 ± 0.74 | 0.20 ± 0.74 | 0.03 ± 0.73 | −0.01 ± 0.77 | −0.11 ± 0.79 | −0.12 ± 0.82 | −0.15 ± 0.87 | −0.14 ± 0.84 | −0.15 ± 0.85 | −0.14 ± 0.90 | −0.18 ± 0.91 | −0.07 ± 0.97 | −0.07 ± 1.01 | 0.01 ± 1.02 | 0.05 ± 1.02 | 0.08 ± 1.02 | 0.09 ± 1.05 | 0.18 ± 1.12 | 0.22 ± 1.14 |
| zBMI % | ||||||||||||||||||||
| underweight | 1.2 | 0.6 | 0.3 | 0.3 | 0.7 | 0.3 | 0.8 | 1.1 | 0.7 | 0.3 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 0.3 | 1.1 | 1.2 | 1.7 | 0.8 | 2.2 | 1.7 | 1.1 |
| normal weight | 89.9 | 92.1 | 92.3 | 94.5 | 95.3 | 94.7 | 92.7 | 92.2 | 93.8 | 92.5 | 92.3 | 92.3 | 90.9 | 88.4 | 86.8 | 85.8 | 86.7 | 83.3 | 80.7 | 81.0 |
| overweight | 6.7 | 6.4 | 6.3 | 4.4 | 3.7 | 4.7 | 5.3 | 3.6 | 2.9 | 4.6 | 3.0 | 2.7 | 3.2 | 4.3 | 4.6 | 5.5 | 4.7 | 6.4 | 7.4 | 7.4 |
| obesity | 2.1 | 0.9 | 1.1 | 0.8 | 0.3 | 0.3 | 1.1 | 3.1 | 2.6 | 2.6 | 3.7 | 4.0 | 5.6 | 6.2 | 7.5 | 7.0 | 7.8 | 8.1 | 10.2 | 10.5 |
| SES | 13.79 ± 3.02 | 13.89 ± 3.13 | 14.24 ± 3.12 | 14.08 ± 3.13 | 13.96 ± 3.18 | 13.83 ± 3.28 | 13.62 ± 3.21 | 13.68 ± 3.39 | 13.42 ± 3.23 | 13.63 ± 3.32 | ||||||||||
| SES % | ||||||||||||||||||||
| low | 4.6 | 7.1 | 5.0 | 5.3 | 5.2 | 7.5 | 8.3 | 6.7 | 6.7 | 8.8 | ||||||||||
| medium | 51.8 | 44.0 | 40.5 | 45.0 | 45.0 | 42.9 | 45.2 | 48.3 | 51.9 | 47.4 | ||||||||||
| high | 43.6 | 48.9 | 54.5 | 49.7 | 49.8 | 49.6 | 46.5 | 45.0 | 41.4 | 43.8 | ||||||||||
| CFQ | ||||||||||||||||||||
| RST | 2.67 ± 0.84 | 2.70 ± 0.79 | 2.70 ± 0.82 | 2.60 ± 0.83 | 2.54 ± 0.80 | 2.49 ± 0.80 | 2.51 ± 0.83 | 2.42 ± 0.82 | 2.35 ± 0.82 | 2.33 ± 0.84 | 2.31 ± 0.85 | 2.23 ± 0.85 | 2.32 ± 0.85 | 2.31 ± 0.84 | 2.35 ± 0.89 | 2.29 ± 0.93 | 2.32 ± 0.90 | 2.29 ± 0.89 | 2.31 ± 0.88 | 2.28 ± 0.87 |
| RW | 2.05 ± 1.06 | 2.25 ± 1.08 | 2.17 ± 1.05 | 2.10 ± 1.10 | 2.07 ± 1.06 | 1.99 ± 1.04 | 2.05 ± 1.07 | 1.84 ± 0.97 | 1.78 ± 0.91 | 1.78 ± 0.92 | 1.76 ± 0.89 | 1.66 ± 0.87 | 1.71 ± 0.92 | 1.60 ± 0.86 | 1.64 ± 0.87 | 1.56 ± 0.86 | 1.63 ± 0.85 | 1.54 ± 0.79 | 1.51 ± 0.76 | 1.37 ± 0.65 |
| PE | 1.83 ± 0.82 | 1.85 ± 0.85 | 1.83 ± 0.82 | 1.96 ± 0.88 | 1.99 ± 0.87 | 1.92 ± 0.90 | 2.00 ± 0.93 | 1.99 ± 0.96 | 1.95 ± 0.95 | 1.95 ± 0.91 | 1.97 ± 0.95 | 1.93 ± 0.94 | 1.94 ± 0.96 | 1.90 ± 0.97 | 1.87 ± 0.93 | 1.76 ± 0.88 | 1.75 ± 0.85 | 1.75 ± 0.88 | 1.74 ± 0.86 | 1.60 ± 0.81 |
| MN | 4.01 ± 1.00 | 3.89 ± 0.97 | 3.92 ± 0.97 | 3.86 ± 1.01 | 3.78 ± 1.02 | 3.66 ± 0.98 | 3.67 ± 1.01 | 3.63 ± 1.02 | 3.72 ± 1.03 | 3.56 ± 1.06 | 3.61 ± 1.06 | 3.48 ± 1.05 | 3.59 ± 1.03 | 3.43 ± 1.04 | 3.52 ± 1.02 | 3.37 ± 1.10 | 3.44 ± 1.08 | 3.35 ± 1.05 | 3.43 ± 1.02 | 3.34 ± 1.01 |
Note: Except for sex, zBMI %, and SES %, depicting percent, all values represent means ± standard deviations for baseline assessment and annual follow-up within each age group. zBMI—standardized body mass index; SES—socio-economic status; CFQ—Child Feeding Questionnaire rated on a 5-point Likert scale (1 to 5), with higher scores indicating higher controlling feeding practices and food-rewarding; RST—restrictive feeding; RW—food as reward; PE—pressure to eat; MN—monitoring.