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. 2019 Aug 16;9(8):1175. doi: 10.3390/nano9081175

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© 2019 by the authors.

Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

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Intestinal transport mechanism of TiO₂ particles using (A) in vitro models of Caco-2 monolayer and human follicle-associated epithelium (FAE). (B) Total combined intestinal transport amount of TiO₂ particles through both Caco-2 monolayer and FAE models. Different uppercase letters (A, B) indicate significant differences among control (cells without particles) and different TiO₂ particles (food-grade T3, T4, general-grade bulk and nano) (p < 0.05). Different lowercase letters (a, b) indicate significant differences between Caco-2 monolayer and FAE models (p < 0.05).