Figure 4.

Graphs showing gene expression in the anthocyanin biosynthesis pathway. Key enzymes and their differential gene expression during flowering stages (unopened bud, opened bud, and initial bloom) were analyzed by qRT-PCR. The expression level of each gene is relative to that of ACTIN reference in Rosa ‘Margo Koster’ at unopen bud stage. Each data point is the average of three biological repeats. Error bars indicate standard deviations (SDs). CHS, chalcone synthase; CHI, chalcone isomerase; FLS, flavonol synthase; DFR, dihydroflavonol-4-reductase; LDOX, leucoanthocyanidin dioxygenase; UFGT, anthocyanidin-3-O-glucosyltransferase; ANR, anthocyanidin reductase; LAR, leucoanthocyanidin reductase.