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. 2019 Aug 6;8(8):269. doi: 10.3390/plants8080269

Figure 2.

Figure 2

Effect of thermospermine and spermine on the growth of rice seedlings. (A) Four-day-old seedlings of rice grown in distilled water with no polyamines (mock), with 50 µM thermospermine (+Tspm), or with 50 µM spermine (+Spm). Scale bar is equivalent to 1 cm. (B) Length of the primary root in 4-day-old rice seedlings. (C) Number of crown roots in 4-day-old rice seedlings. (D) Density of lateral roots per length of axial root in 4-day-old rice seedlings. In (B–D), seedlings were grown without polyamines (−), 50 µM thermospermine (+T), or 50 µM spermine (+S). Error bars represent SE of five independent experiments with each four seedlings per treatment. Asterisks indicate significantly different values from the control (* P < 0.05, Student’s t-test). (E) Root cross sections prepared from at a 1 cm distance from the root tip of 4-day-old rice seedling. Asterisks indicate xylem vessels with apparent diameter of more than 10 µm. Scale bar is equivalent to 20 µm.