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Relative expression level (mean ± S.E.) of Halloween genes at different developmental stages of P. xylostella. Eggs, 4L1-3: 1 to 3 day-old 4th-instar larvae, P1-3: 1 to 3 day-old pupae, F0-72: 0 to 72 hour-old adults after eclosion. Note that the relative expression levels varied among the different genes, refer to the y-axis. Different letters above the bars indicate significant differences in different stages (P < 0.05).
