Table 1.
Baseline sociodemographic, psychosocial and clinical characteristics of hospital survivors of an acute coronary syndrome according to measures of religiosity, TRACE-CORE
| Characteristics | Strength and comfort from religion | Petition prayers for health | Intercessory prayers for health | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| A great deal (n = 524) | Little/Some (n = 362) | None (n = 153) | Yes (n = 616) | No (n = 423) | Yes (n = 918) | No (n = 121) | |
| Socio-demographic | |||||||
| Age (mean, years (sd)) | 63.9 (10.5) | 61.1 (10.6) | 61.0 (11.3) * | 63.2 (10.6) | 61.5 (10.9) * | 62.3 (10.7) | 63.7 (11.0) |
| Age (years, %) | |||||||
| < 55 | 20.8 | 28.2 | 31.4 | 22.7 | 28.1 | 25.6 | 19.8 |
| 55–64 | 29.4 | 35.6 | 27.4 | 30.7 | 32.2 | 31.5 | 29.8 |
| ≥ 65 | 49.8 | 36.2 | 41.2 | 46.6 | 39.7 | 42.9 | 50.4 |
| Women (%) *** | 45.4 | 22.9 | 17.0 | 41.9 | 21.0 | 35.5 | 17.4 |
| Married (%) | 58.6 | 68.2 | 61.4* | 61.2 | 64.1 | 62.4 | 62.0 |
| Race/Ethnicity (%) *** | |||||||
| Non-Hispanic Whites | 78.0 | 92.0 | 96.0 | 80.0 | 93.6 | 84.6 | 92.6 |
| Non-Hispanic Blacks | 19.7 | 5.2 | 2.0 | 17.4 | 4.3 | 13.0 | 5.0 |
| Hispanics | 2.3 | 2.8 | 2.0 | 2.6 | 2.1 | 2.4 | 2.4 |
| Education (≤ high school) (%) | 41.8 | 40.6 | 38.6 | 43.3 | 37.3 | 41.0 | 40.5 |
| Unemployed/retired (%) | 65.3 | 53.9 | 47.1* | 63.6 | 51.3* | 58.6 | 58.7 |
| Uninsured (%) | 6.1 | 6.3 | 7.8 | 6.5 | 6.4 | 6.4 | 6.6 |
| Psychosocial (%) | |||||||
| High perceived stress† | 44.8 | 43.1 | 35.9 | 44.3 | 32.2* | 47.7 | 35.9* |
| Depressive Symptomsb | |||||||
| None | 52.5 | 54.7 | 60.8 | 50.8 | 59.8 | 52.9 | 66.1 |
| Mild | 29.0 | 28.4 | 20.3 | 28.4 | 26.2 | 28.7 | 19.0 |
| Moderate | 12.0 | 10.5 | 12.4 | 13.3 | 9.0 | 11.4 | 12.4 |
| Moderately Severe/Severe | 6.4 | 6.4 | 6.5 | 7.5 | 5.0* | 6.0 | 2.5* |
| Anxiety Symptomsc | |||||||
| None | 55.3 | 56.6 | 62.8 | 53.1 | 62.4 | 55.7 | 66.1 |
| Mild | 20.6 | 22.7 | 18.3 | 20.6 | 21.5 | 21.7 | 15.7 |
| Moderate/Severe | 24.1 | 20.7 | 18.9 | 26.3 | 16.1* | 22.6 | 18.2 |
| Low health literacy | 38.0 | 34.4 | 32.4 | 37.1 | 34.3 | 35.8 | 38.8 |
| Low social support | 4.2 | 2.8 | 7.2 | 4.2 | 4.0 | 3.5 | 9.1* |
| Cognitive impairment d *** | 18.9 | 10.8 | 5.2 | 19.2 | 6.6 | 15.0 | 6.6 |
| Patient Activation Level (%) | |||||||
| 1: Disengaged (lowest) | 19.3 | 22.4 | 19.0 | 20.4 | 20.1 | 19.9 | 23.2 |
| 2: Aware | 33.6 | 34.2 | 47.7 | 35.1 | 37.1 | 35.6 | 38.0 |
| 3: Taking Action | 22.9 | 18.5 | 22.2 | 20.1 | 22.9 | 21.5 | 19.8 |
| 4: Maintaining Behaviors | 24.2 | 24.9 | 11.1* | 24.4 | 19.9 | 23.0 | 19.0 |
| Behavioral and Clinical | |||||||
| Length of stay, ≥3 days (%) *** | 42.9 | 66.0 | 77.8 | 52.6 | 31.2 | 45.5 | 31.4 |
| Alcohol use (%) *** | |||||||
| No alcohol use | 49.8 | 32.3 | 32.7 | 47.2 | 32.4 | 42.5 | 31.4 |
| Rare/occasional | 32.8 | 40.6 | 39.2 | 33.1 | 41.4 | 36.8 | 33.9 |
| Moderate/heavy | 17.4 | 27.1 | 28.1 | 19.7 | 26.2 | 20.7 | 34.7 |
| Smoking status (%) *** | |||||||
| Non-smoker | 35.7 | 26.5 | 29.4 | 34.9 | 26.7 | 32.7 | 23.1 |
| Prior smoker | 49.4 | 50.8 | 46.4 | 49.2 | 49.9 | 49.7 | 47.9 |
| Current smoker | 14.9 | 22.7 | 24.2 | 15.9 | 23.4 | 17.6 | 29.0 |
| GRACE risk score, mean (SD)e | 99.6 (26.4) | 93.1 (26.3) | 92.3 (26.9) * | 98.2 (26.1) | 93.5 (27.1) * | 96.2 (26.9) | 96.9 (25.6) |
| Co-morbidities at admission (%) | |||||||
| Chronic kidney disease | 11.4 | 8.6 | 7.2 | 11.8 | 9.9 | 13.8 | 8.3 |
| Congestive heart failure | 13.7 | 9.7 | 8.5 | 13.8 | 8.3* | 11.8 | 9.9 |
| Diabetes mellitus | 33.8 | 28.7 | 28.8 | 32.0 | 30.3 | 31.5 | 29.7 |
| Hypertension | 80.0 | 69.6 | 69.3* | 77.9 | 70.2* | 75.4 | 70.2 |
| Stroke | 5.7 | 4.7 | 0.6* | 6.2 | 2.4* | 4.9 | 2.5 |
| Type of ACS (%) | |||||||
| Unstable Angina | 33.4 | 28.2 | 26.8 | 33.3 | 19.4 | 30.6 | 30.6 |
| NSTEMI | 54.6 | 55.5 | 53.4 | 55.4 | 53.9 | 54.8 | 54.5 |
| STEMI | 12.0 | 16.3 | 19.6 | 11.3 | 26.7* | 14.6 | 14.9 |
| Reperfusion therapy (%) | |||||||
| Medical treatment | 20.8 | 16.0 | 18.3 | 20.1 | 16.8 | 19.2 | 15.7 |
| PCI | 64.5 | 71.8 | 71.9 | 65.1 | 72.6 | 67.0 | 76.9 |
| CABG | 14.7 | 12.2 | 9.8 | 14.8 | 10.6* | 13.8 | 7.4 |
| Cardiac rehabilitation referral (%) *** | 33.8 | 49.4 | 55.6 | 35.9 | 52.0 | 40.7 | 55.3 |
Abbreviations: NSTEMI Non-ST segment elevation myocardial infarction, STEMI ST segment elevation myocardial infarction, PCI percutaneous coronary intervention, CABG coronary artery by-pass graft
* P < 0.05 across response categories for respective religiosity measure; a Cohen’s Perceived Stress Scale Score (≥4 median, high perceived stress); *** P < 0.05 across response categories for all 3 religiosity measures; b PHQ-9 Patient Health Questionnaire 9 item score (5–9 mild; 10–14 moderate; 15–19 moderately severe; and ≥ 20 severe depression)
c GAD-7 General Anxiety Disorder 7 item score (5–9 mild; 10–14 moderate; ≥15 severe anxiety); dTICS Telephone Interview for Cognitive Status Score (≤ 28 impaired)
e GRACE risk score estimates mortality risk at 1 and 3 years after ACS admission. Score ranges from 0 to 263, higher scores worse. Derived from data on age, systolic blood pressure, ST segment changes, cardiac biomarkers, serum creatinine or history of renal dysfunction, Killip class or diuretic use, cardiac arrest during hospitalization for ACS