Table 1.
Systematic review of data search.
| Source | Subject | Models Interventions |
Methods of analysis: mRNA measurement | Methods of analysis: Protein measurement |
IL-6 measurement, tissue |
Microglia status, tissue | Microglia IL-6 producer | Outcome | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| IL-6 increased and microglia activated | Wang, H. 2018 |
Viral-bacterial lung co-infection | mice, adults/ primary microglial cell culture Influenza A, Streptococcus. pneumoniae, SAA exposure |
qPCR - Hypothalamus and primary cell culture: Tnf, Il1b, Il6, Ccl2, Fpr2, Saa1 | IHC - PVN: IBA1, GFAP, TNF-α, SAA | mRNA expression increased, hypothalamus (P < 0.05) |
Activated, PVN (P < 0.05) |
Yes (P < 0.05) |
Neuroinflammation |
| Le Foll, C. 2015 |
Amylin exposure | rats and mice, adults/ VMH explants/ VMH astrocytes/ VMN neurons/ cortical and hypothalamic microglia Amylin exposure |
qPCR - ARC, VMH, VMN, cell culture:: Il-1b, Il-6, Il-10, Tnf, Lif, Cntf, Gp130, Ctr1a, Ctr1b, Ramp1, Ramp2, Ramp3, Lepr-b, Socs3, Ins-r, Npy, Agrp, Pomc. | ICC - ARC, VMN: pSTAT3 Immunoassay - cell culture medium: IL-1β, IL-6, IL-10, TNF-α |
mRNA expression increased, VMN (P < 0.05) |
Activated, Cortical ( P < 0.05) |
Yes | Decreased body weight gain | |
| Ziko, I. 2014 |
LPS exposure in adults Neonatally overfed | rats, pups and adults Neonatal overfeeding model LPS exposure |
qPCR - hypothalamus: Tlr4, Nfkb,Il1b, Il1ra, Il6, Tnf |
IHC - DMH, LH, VMH: IBA1 | mRNA expression increased, hypothalamus (P < 0.05) |
Activated, PVN (P < 0.05) |
No data | Increased body weight in small litters and adults | |
| Tapia-González, S. 2011 |
Neonatal overfeeding | rats, pups Neonatal overfeeding model |
WB - hypothalamus: IL-6, p-IkB IHC - ARC, ME, VMH: MHC-II |
Protein expression increased, hypothalamus (P < 0.01) |
Activated, hypothalamus, (P<0,05) | No data | Overweight | ||
| Mingam, R. 2008 |
LPS exposure in P2X7R knockout model | mice, adult/ primary glial cell culture LPS exposure |
qPCR - hypothalamus: Il-6, Il-1b, Tnf | ELISA - cell culture medium: IL-1β IHC - cell culture: CD11b, CD68, IL-1β, GFAP, WB - cell culture medium: IL-1β |
Protein and mRNA expression increased, whole brain (P < 0.05) |
Activated (P < 0.05) |
Yes (P < 0.05) |
Decreased IL-1β release | |
|
| |||||||||
| IL-6 increased without microglia information | Cao, H. M. 2015 |
Mimecan exposure | Rats and mice, adults primary neurons cell culture N9 cells Mimecan exposure |
qPCR - hypothalamus: Il1-b, Il-6 qPCR - primary cell culture: Il1-b, Il-6, Socs3 qPCR qPCR -N9 cell culture: Il1-b, Il-6, Socs3 |
WB - hypothalamus: SOCS3 | mRNA expression increased, hypothalamus (P < 0.05 / P < 0.01) |
No data | Yes (P < 0.01) |
Anorexia |
| Roque, A. 2015 |
Early life stress | rats, pups Maternal separation model |
qPCR - hypothalamus: Il1-b, Il-6, Tnf | - | mRNA expression increased, hypothalamus (P < 0.01) |
No data | No data | Stress can dysregulate the HPA axis | |
|
| |||||||||
| IL-6 increase and microglia suppressed | Silva, T.M. 2017 |
Minocycline in acute hypoxia | rats, adults Pretreatment with Minocycline followed by exposition to acute hypoxia |
qPCR - mice PVH: Il-1b, Il-6, Tnf, Mmp9, Cd3, Hprt | IHC: TH, c-Fos | mRNA expression increased, PVH (P < 0.05) |
Suppressed (P < 0.05) |
No | Disrupted organization of breath activity |
|
| |||||||||
| IL-6 unaltered and microglia activated | Younes-Rapozo, V. 2015 |
Long-term effects of nicotine exposure during lactation in offspring | rats, pups Nicotine in dams. |
- | IF - ARC, PVN, LH, PE: GFAP, IBA-1, CX3CR1, MCP-1, IL-6 | Protein expression had no change, ARC, PE, PVN, LH | Activated, in PVN (P < 0.05) | No data | Obesity |
| Sugama, S. 2007 |
Inescapable stress | rats and mice, adults restraint combined with water immersion stress |
qPCR - hypothalamus: Il-1b, Il-6, Inos | IF: IL1-β, IL-6, iNOS IHC: OX42, CD11b |
mRNA expression had no change, hypothalamus | Activated (P < 0.001) |
No | Hypothalamic microglia activation | |
| Ye, S. M. 1999 |
Aging | mice, juvenile, adult, and aged/ primary cell culture of whole brains Basal conditions |
RT-PCR - glial cell culture: Il-6 | ELISA glial cell culture medium: IL-6 IHC: GFAP, MAC-1(CD11B) Flow Cytometry glial cell culture: GFAP, MAC-1 ELISA tissue homogenates: IL-6 Hybridoma bioassay: IL-6 |
Protein expression had no change in the hypothalamus | Activated, all brain (P < 0.05) | Yes (P < 0.01) |
chronic inflammation in whole brain without changes in the hypothalamus | |
|
| |||||||||
| IL-6 decreased and microglia suppressed | Ramirez, K. 2016 |
Benzodiazepines treatment in Repeated social stress condition | Mice, adult Exposed to stress condition and treated with benzodiazepines |
qPCR - hypothalamus: Il1-b, Il-6, Tnf | - | mRNA expression decreased, hypothalamus (P < 0.05) |
Suppressed, whole brain (P < 0.05) |
Yes (P < 0.05) |
reversal of stress-induced behavioral |
| Santos Masson, G. 2015 |
Short-term exercise training in arterial hypertension model | Rat, adult 2 weeks of exercise model in spontaneously hypertensive rats |
- | WB - PVN: CXCR4, ERK1/ 2 pERK1/ 2, HMGB1, IL-6, p-IKBa, SDF-1, TNF-α IF: HMGB1, IBA-1 |
Protein expression decreased, PVN (P < 0.01) |
Suppressed, PVN (P < 0.01) |
No data | Control of arterial hypertension | |
Legend: ARC: arcuate nucleus, LPS: lipopolysaccharide, HPA: hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal ME: median eminence, PVN: paraventricular nucleus, SAA: serum amyloid A, VMH: ventromedial hypothalamus, VMN: ventromedial nucleus.