TABLE 1.
Demographic, clinical, and psychological characteristics of participants (N = 553).
|
PRI-Total |
VAS |
PPI |
|||||
| n (%) | M ± SD | Zb/c | M ± SD | Zb/c | M ± SD | T/F | |
| Sociodemographic | |||||||
| Gender | |||||||
| Male | 46 (8.3) | 5.67 ± 7.65 | 24.78 ± 17.73 | 1.57 ± 0.69 | |||
| Female | 507 (91.7) | 5.10 ± 5.92 | –0.508 | 25.21 ± 17.36 | –0.235 | 1.64 ± 0.76 | –0.618 |
| Age | |||||||
| Age below 35 | 71 (12.8) | 4.83 ± 4.48 | 25.77 ± 16.96 | 1.59 ± 0.73 | |||
| Age between 35-60 | 391 (70.7) | 4.82 ± 6.09 | 23.73 ± 16.51 | 1.62 ± 0.77 | |||
| Age above 60 | 91 (16.5) | 6.80 ± 6.82 | 8.201∗ | 30.88 ± 20.09 | 11.807∗∗ | 1.71 ± 0.69 | 0.700 |
| Marital Status | |||||||
| Single | 32 (5.8) | 5.78 ± 4.80 | 27.50 ± 19.84 | 1.75 ± 0.76 | |||
| Married | 484 (87.5) | 5.12 ± 6.14 | 25.21 ± 17.52 | 1.61 ± 0.73 | |||
| Divorced | 16 (2.9) | 4.75 ± 7.71 | 23.13 ± 13.52 | 1.81 ± 1.17 | |||
| Widowed | 21 (3.8) | 5.19 ± 5.09 | 2.884 | 22.38 ± 12.21 | 0.219 | 1.86 ± 0.96 | 1.361 |
| Monthly Salary (Yuan) | |||||||
| Less than 3000 | 262 (47.4) | 6.15 ± 7.24 | 26.22 ± 18.44 | 1.68 ± 0.81 | |||
| 3000-5000 | 147 (26.6) | 4.89 ± 5.15 | 27.21 ± 18.09 | 1.65 ± 0.67 | |||
| 5000-10000 | 93 (16.8) | 4.10 ± 4.19 | 22.58 ± 14.06 | 1.67 ± 0.80 | |||
| More than 10000 | 51 (9.2) | 2.69 ± 3.17 | 11.280∗ | 18.63 ± 12.81 | 11.405∗∗ | 1.29 ± 0.50 | 3.835∗ |
| Clinical/Treatment | |||||||
| Cancer Site | |||||||
| Breast | 468 (84.6) | 5.17 ± 5.96 | 25.34 ± 17.43 | 1.65 ± 0.76 | |||
| Nasopharynx | 30 (5.4) | 4.97 ± 5.51 | 24.00 ± 18.31 | 1.67 ± 0.80 | |||
| Colorectal | 36 (6.5) | 4.39 ± 6.48 | 23.89 ± 18.09 | 1.47 ± 0.65 | |||
| Leukemia | 19 (3.4) | 6.32 ± 8.78 | 2.985 | 25.26 ± 13.89 | 1.191 | 1.53 ± 0.70 | 0.729 |
| Stage | |||||||
| Stage 1 | 92 (16.6) | 5.57 ± 5.99 | 29.24 ± 20.23 | 1.71 ± 0.66 | |||
| Stage 2 | 219 (39.6) | 4.37 ± 5.39 | 24.25 ± 15.64 | 1.61 ± 0.76 | |||
| Stage 3 | 215 (38.9) | 5.80 ± 6.90 | 24.74 ± 17.95 | 1.61 ± 0.79 | |||
| Stage 4 | 27 (4.9) | 4.85 ± 3.72 | 3.913 | 22.22 ± 13.96 | 4.281 | 1.67 ± 0.78 | 0.409 |
| Daily Exercise Time | |||||||
| None | 69 (12.5) | 6.54 ± 7.15 | 25.94 ± 16.74 | 1.74 ± 0.93 | |||
| Less than 60 min | 427 (77.2) | 5.12 ± 6.01 | 25.20 ± 17.01 | 1.63 ± 0.73 | |||
| 60 min and above | 57 (10.3) | 3.68 ± 4.70 | 5.514 | 24.04 ± 20.76 | 3.135 | 1.53 ± 0.71 | 1.261 |
| Current smoking | |||||||
| Yes | 21 (3.8) | 3.38 ± 4.73 | 25.24 ± 17.50 | 1.52 ± 0.60 | |||
| No | 532 (96.2) | 5.22 ± 6.11 | –1.602 | 25.17 ± 17.38 | –0.090 | 1.64 ± 0.76 | 0.664 |
| Chemotherapya | |||||||
| Yes | 501 (90.6) | 5.29 ± 6.10 | 25.49 ± 17.52 | 1.65 ± 0.76 | |||
| No | 48 (8.7) | 3.96 ± 5.86 | –1.703 | 23.13 ± 16.00 | –0.701 | 1.48 ± 0.65 | 1.485 |
| Radiotherapya | |||||||
| Yes | 479 (86.6) | 4.99 ± 5.90 | 25.28 ± 17.64 | 1.64 ± 0.76 | |||
| No | 70 (12.7) | 6.43 ± 7.19 | –1.521 | 25.30 ± 15.67 | –0.482 | 1.60 ± 0.75 | 0.401 |
| Physical Comorbiditya | |||||||
| Yes | 364 (65.8) | 4.70 ± 5.34 | 24.23 ± 16.54 | 1.62 ± 0.76 | |||
| No | 185 (33.5) | 6.11 ± 7.27 | –1.673 | 27.35 ± 18.82 | –1.755 | 1.67 ± 0.74 | 0.804 |
| BMI | |||||||
| Less than 18.5 | 69 (12.5) | 6.13 ± 7.85 | 22.75 ± 16.53 | 1.72 ± 0.80 | |||
| 18.5-25 | 385 (69.6) | 5.05 ± 5.86 | 25.58 ± 17.82 | 1.59 ± 0.73 | |||
| More than 25 | 99 (17.9) | 4.87 ± 5.44 | 0.337 | 25.25 ± 16.18 | 1.876 | 1.71 ± 0.82 | 1.478 |
| AIS (Insomnia) | |||||||
| Yes | 225 (40.7) | 7.33 ± 6.89 | 30.00 ± 19.30 | 1.85 ± 0.86 | |||
| No | 328 (59.3) | 3.65 ± 4.92 | –7.682∗∗∗ | 21.86 ± 15.08 | –5.219∗∗∗ | 1.47 ± 0.63 | –5.905∗∗∗ |
| Psychological | |||||||
| Personalitya | |||||||
| Positive | 420 (75.9) | 4.77 ± 5.70 | 25.10 ± 16.76 | 1.59 ± 0.68 | |||
| Negative | 129 (23.3) | 6.50 ± 7.08 | −2.472∗ | 25.89 ± 19.35 | –0.20 | 1.78 ± 0.95 | −2.162∗ |
| Number of stressful life event(s) | |||||||
| None | 136 (24.6) | 3.45 ± 4.77 | 22.87 ± 16.10 | 1.45 ± 0.61 | |||
| Less than 3 | 212 (38.3) | 4.59 ± 5.00 | 24.58 ± 16.21 | 1.59 ± 0.70 | |||
| 3–5 | 132 (23.9) | 6.36 ± 6.27 | 26.89 ± 18.91 | 1.80 ± 0.83 | |||
| More than 5 | 73 (13.2) | 7.77 ± 8.91 | 23.397∗∗∗ | 28.08 ± 19.55 | 4.024 | 1.77 ± 0.92 | 6.050∗∗∗ |
| Fear of Progression | |||||||
| Yes | 165 (29.8) | 8.20 ± 7.58 | 29.94 ± 20.17 | 1.87 ± 0.88 | |||
| No | 388 (70.2) | 3.85 ± 4.76 | –7.331∗∗∗ | 23.14 ± 15.63 | –3.527∗∗∗ | 1.53 ± 0.67 | –5.013∗∗∗ |
| Depressive symptom | |||||||
| Yes | 232 (42.0) | 7.56 ± 7.27 | 28.36 ± 18.44 | 1.84 ± 0.88 | |||
| No | 321 (58.0) | 3.41 ± 4.28 | –7.706∗∗∗ | 22.87 ± 16.20 | –3.832∗∗∗ | 1.48 ± 0.61 | –5.275∗∗∗ |
| Anxiety symptom | |||||||
| Yes | 170 (30.7) | 7.73 ± 7.47 | 29.41 ± 19.05 | 1.84 ± 0.85 | |||
| No | 383 (69.3) | 4.01 ± 4.94 | –6.150∗∗∗ | 23.29 ± 16.25 | –3.748∗∗∗ | 1.54 ± 0.69 | –4.303∗∗∗ |
aFour participants did not provide relevant data (n = 549); bMann-Whitney U test; cKruskal-Wallis test. PRI, pain rating index; VAS, visual analog scale; PPI, present pain intensity; ∗P < 0.05; ∗∗P < 0.01; ∗∗∗P < 0.001.