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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2020 Aug 23.
Published in final edited form as: J Mol Biol. 2019 Jul 6;431(18):3370–3399. doi: 10.1016/j.jmb.2019.06.033

Figure 5.

Figure 5.

Evolution of antibiotic inactivating enzymes. (a) Evolution of beta-lactamases from target d,d-transpeptidases. (b) Evolution of protein kinase into a macrolide inactivating enzyme. (c) Evolution of a tetracycline inactivating enzyme (“antibiotic destructase”) from a biosynthetic flavin monooxygenase (“antibiotic constructase”). (d) Evolution of an endiyne self-sacrificing protein from a substrate binding protein.