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Physiological abnormalities in individuals with LD. + indicates normal processing, - indicates abnormal processing at the brainstem (ABR) or cortical (MMN) levels. Clockwise from top center, LD subjects with normal physiology (ABR+, MMN+), LD subjects with normal brainstem but abnormal cortical physiology (ABR+, MMN-), abnormal brainstem and abnormal cortical processing (ABR-, MMN-), and abnormal brainstem but normal cortical processing (ABR-, MMN+).
