Table 1.

Literacy, cognitive, and cortical measures (group average ± SD)

Task	NL	LD+	LD−
Literacya
Word Attack	114.6 ± 16***	97.3 ± 16*	88.0 ± 12
Word reading	114.3 ± 13***	95.3 ± 14*	87.7 ± 13
Spelling	111.2 ± 13***	94.6 ± 13*	86.2 ± 10
Literacy score	113.5 ± 13***	95.7 ± 13*	87.1 ± 10
Phonological abilities
Sound blendinga	98.5 ± 12**	92.0 ± 13	90.0 ± 11
Elisionb	11.6 ± 2**	9.2 ± 3	8.3 ± 2
Phoneme reversalb	10.8 ± 2***	8.1 ± 2	7.3 ± 2
Nonwords segmentationb	10.7 ± 2*	9.3 ± 3	8.6 ± 2
Other cognitive abilitiesa
Listening comprehension	118.7 ± 17**	113.1 ± 18	103 ± 19
Verbal memory	105.0 ± 13	95.4 ± 13	97.7 ± 11
Visual processing	111.9 ± 15***	105.3 ± 14*	94.6 ± 17
Brief Cognitive Scale	120.7 ± 12**	108.3 ± 14*	100.1 ± 15
MMN (area μV·ms)
Fz	312 ± 211**	239 ± 160	183 ± 148
Cz	377 ± 248***	239 ± 145	190 ± 143
Duration (ms)
Fz	203 ± 69**	173 ± 62	142 ± 94
Cz	222 ± 75***	176 ± 74	135 ± 87

^*p ≤ 0.05, ^**p ≤ 0.01, ^***p ≤ 0.001 in a Scheffé post hoc comparison with the LD- group. For F values, see Results.

^a Standard scores. Average in the general population is 100 ± 15.

^b CTOPP scores.