Figure 1.

Acquisition and long-term retention of spatial memory in the water-maze task. A, D, Escape latency dynamics during water-maze training. B, E, Probe tests performed 24 h (B) and 1 month (E) after 7 d of water-maze training. Error bars indicate SEM of the number of crossings over the target location and nontarget quadrant centers. Note the spatial bias in the swim tracks of WMT rats. The target quadrant contained an escape platform during training trials. C, F, There was no spatial bias in the swimming pathways of SW yoked controls at both 24 h and 1 month after the last session. G, H, There was no difference in the distance swum by WMT and SW rats at 24 h (G) and 1 month (H) after the last training session. I, J, There was no difference in corticosterone levels after training room context exposure (I) and probe tests (J) 24 h after the last training session. Error bars indicate SEM; ^*p < 0.05; one-way ANOVA with Fisher's post hoc test. Opp, Opposite to target quadrant; Aj-r, adjacent right quadrant; Aj-l, adjacent left quadrant; AU, arbitrary units.