Figure 4.

Comparison of the influence of CDM and flying on the aggression of subordinate crickets. A, Bar graph showing the level of aggression (median ± i.q.r.) of fights between the losers and winners of fights resolved 20-40 min previously, at which time the losers were untreated (open bars; n = 38), injected with Ringer's solution (100 μl; gray bars; n = 22), held in a wind stream with tarsal contact (lightly hatched bars; wind; n = 18), injected with CDM (100 μl; 1 mm; black bars; n = 28), or flown for 1 min in a wind stream (darkly hatched bars; flight; n = 28). B, As in A, but for fight duration. C, Relative frequency of mandible spreading, mandible engagement, and rank reversals (wins) for the losers during the fights evaluated in A and B. The performance of untreated losers evaluated 18 h later is indicated (stippled bar; +18 h) [adopted from Hofmann (1997)]. Asterisks denote statistically significant differences (A, B, Mann-Whitney U test; C, χ² test; ^*p < 0.05; ^**p < 0.01), where by data for CDM-treated losers were compared with Ringer-injected losers and data for flown losers were compared with wind-stimulated losers.