Sensitivity and specificity of human papillomavirus (HPV) types 16 and 33 droplet digital polymerase chain reaction (ddPCR) assays. (A) HPV16 circulating tumor DNA (ctDNA) detected by the HPV16 ddPCR assay in samples obtained from normal individuals (n = 20) and patients with HPV-negative head and neck squamous cell carcinomas (HNSCCs; n = 7), HPV-associated oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinomas (OPSCCs; n = 97), and anal squamous cell carcinomas (n = 8). Red, teal, and blue diamonds represent HPV16 pathologic status as positive, negative, and undetermined, respectively. (B) HPV33 ddPCR assay was used for detecting HPV33 DNA in seven patient cell-free DNA samples that did not have detectable HPV16 ctDNA. (C) Combination of both HPV16 and HPV33 ddPCR assays to determine overall sensitivity of HPV detection in pretreatment samples from patients with HPV-associated OPSCC.