Table 3. Risk of bias assessment for studies included in the quantitative synthesis.
| Author and year of publication | Selection | Comparability | Outcome | Overall Quality Assessment score | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Representativeness of the sample | Ascertainment of exposure | Assessment of outcome | |||
| Bandyopadhyay et al. 2018 [25] | *Truly representative bovine milk samples | **ESBL production confirmed by PCR | Study did not control for other factors | *Independent blind assessment | 3 |
| Bhattacharya et al., 2015 [20] | *Truly representative Meat and meat products with antibiotic resistance | *ESBL production diagnosed by Combined Disc Diffusion Test | Study did not control for other factors | *Independent blind assessment | 3 |
| Bhave et al., 2019 [28] | *Truly representative Cloacal swabs from broiler | *ESBL production diagnosed by Combined Disc Diffusion Test | Study did not control for other factors | *Independent blind assessment | 4 |
| Bhoomika et al., 2016 [10] | *Truly representative of chicken meat samples with antibiotic resistance | **Chicken meat samples diagnosed with clinical isolates producing ESBL confirmed by Multiplex PCR | Study did not control for other factors | *Independent blind assessment | 4 |
| Bhoomika et al., 2016 [10] | *Truly representative of chevon meat samples with antibiotic resistance | **Chevon meat samples diagnosed with clinical isolates producing ESBL confirmed by Multiplex PCR | Study did not control for other factors | *Independent blind assessment | 4 |
| Bhoomika et al., 2016 [10] | *Truly representative of raw milk samples with antibiotic resistance | **Raw milk samples diagnosed with clinical isolates producing ESBL confirmed by Multiplex PCR | Study did not control for other factors | *Independent blind assessment | 4 |
| Brower et al., 2017 [11] | *Truly representative Cloacal swabs from birds with antibiotic resistance | *ESBL production diagnosed by Combination disk method and VITEK 2 | Study did not control for other factors | *Independent blind assessment | 3 |
| Chauhan et al., 2013 [12] | *Truly representative Raw milk samples from Doon valley with antibiotic resistance | *ESBL production diagnosed by Double disc diffusion method | Study did not control for other factors | *Independent blind assessment | 3 |
| Das et al., 2017 [14] | *Truly representative of sub-clinical mastic milk samples with antibiotic resistance | **Sub-clinical mastic milk samples diagnosed with clinical isolates producing ESBL confirmed by PCR | Study did not control for other factors | *Independent blind assessment | 4 |
| Dewangan et al., 2017 [15] | *Truly representative Chevon meat with antibiotic resistance | *ESBL production diagnosed by Phenotypic detection of ESBL | Study did not control for other factors | *Independent blind assessment | 3 |
| Dewangan et al., 2017 [15] | *Truly representative Raw milk samples with antibiotic resistance | *ESBL production diagnosed by Phenotypic detection of ESBL | Study did not control for other factors | *Independent blind assessment | 3 |
| Kar et al., 2015 [21] | *Truly representative Fecal samples from poultry with antibiotic resistance | *ESBL production diagnosed by Combination disc method and ESBL E-test | Study did not control for other factors | *Independent blind assessment | 3 |
| Kar et al., 2015 [21] | *Truly representative Milk samples from cattle with antibiotic resistance | *ESBL production diagnosed by Combination disc method and ESBL E-test | Study did not control for other factors | *Independent blind assessment | 3 |
| Karuppasamy et al., 2015 [22] | *Truly representative Raw milk samples with antibiotic resistance | *ESBL production diagnosed by Kirby Bauer disc diffusion test | Study did not control for other factors | *Independent blind assessment | 3 |
| Koovapra et al.,2016 [33] | *Truly representative Bovine milk samples with antibiotic resistance | ESBL production diagnosed by Combination disc diffusion test and ESBL Etest | Study did not control for other factors | *Independent blind assessment | 3 |
| Lalzampuia et al., 2013 [16] | *Truly representative Fecal samples of pigs with antibiotic resistance | **Pigs with history of diarrhea diagnosed with clinical isolates producing ESBL confirmed by PCR | Study did not control for other factors | *Independent blind assessment | 4 |
| Lalzampuia et al., 2014 [17] | *Truly representative Fecal samples of poultry birds with antibiotic resistance | **Poultry birds with history of diarrhea diagnosed with clinical isolates producing ESBL confirmed by PCR | Study did not control for other factors | *Independent blind assessment | 4 |
| Lalzampuia et al., 2014 [17] | *Truly representative Fecal samples of poultry birds with antibiotic resistance | **Poultry birds with history of diarrhea diagnosed with clinical isolates producing ESBL confirmed by PCR | Study did not control for other factors | *Independent blind assessment | 4 |
| Mahanti et al., 2017 [13] | *Truly representative Cloacal swabs from healthy broiler, indigenous, and kuroiler birds with antibiotic resistance | **ESBL production confirmed by PCR | Study did not control for other factors | *Independent blind assessment | 4 |
| Mandakini et al., 2015 [23] | *Truly representative Fecal samples of piglets suffering from diarrhea with antibiotic resistance | *ESBL production diagnosed by Double disc synergy test | Study did not control for other factors | *Independent blind assessment | 3 |
| Nirumapa et al., 2018 [26] | *Truly representative Fecal samples of pigs | ** ESBL production diagnosed by Double disc diffusion method and Hi-comb MIC test strip | Study did not control for other factors | *Independent blind assessment | 3 |
| Raj et al., 2019 [29] | * Truly representative Food-animal environment | **ESBL production diagnosed by PCR | Study did not control for other factors | *Independent blind assessment | 3 |
| Rasheed et al., 2014 [18] | *Truly representative Unpasteurized milk of buffalo with antibiotic resistance | *ESBL production diagnosed by Phenotypic Confirmatory Disc Diffusion Test | Study did not control for other factors | *Independent blind assessment | 3 |
| Rasheed et al., 2014 [18] | *Truly representative Raw chicken with antibiotic resistance | *ESBL production diagnosed by Phenotypic Confirmatory Disc Diffusion Test | Study did not control for other factors | *Independent blind assessment | 3 |
| Rasheed et al., 2014 [18] | *Truly representative Fresh raw meat of sheep with antibiotic resistance | *ESBL production diagnosed by Phenotypic Confirmatory Disc Diffusion Test | Study did not control for other factors | *Independent blind assessment | 3 |
| Samanta et al., 2015 [24] | *Truly representative Samples from backyard and farmed poultry with antibiotic resistance | **ESBL production confirmed by PCR | Study did not control for other factors | *Independent blind assessment | 4 |
| Sharif et al., 2017 [19] | *Truly representative Rectal swab samples from healthy dogs with antibiotic resistance | *ESBL production diagnosed by Combined Disc Diffusion Test | Study did not control for other factors | *Independent blind assessment | 3 |
| Sharif et al., 2017 [19] | *Truly representative Rectal swab samples from diarrheic dogs with antibiotic resistance | *ESBL production diagnosed by Combined Disc Diffusion Test | Study did not control for other factors | *Independent blind assessment | 3 |
| Shrivastav et al., 2016 [35] | *Truly representative Cecal swab samples in healthy broilers with antibiotic resistance | *ESBL production diagnosed by CDDT, DDST and Enz MIC strip in Healthy broilers | Study did not control for other factors | *Independent blind assessment | 3 |
| Tewari et al., 2018 [27] | *Truly representative Fecal samples of livestock | **ESBL production confirmed by PCR | Study did not control for other factors | *Independent blind assessment | 3 |
| Tewari et al., 2019 [30] | *Truly representative Fecal samples of livestock | **ESBL production confirmed by PCR | Study did not control for other factors | *Independent blind assessment | 3 |
PCR, Polymerase chain Reaction; CDDT, Combined disc diffusion test; DDST, Double disc synergy test, Enz MIC strip, Enz Minimum Inhibitory Concentration strip; E test, Epsilometer test.
(*)Stars represent the number of points awarded for the category;
* = 1,
** = 2.