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. 2019 Sep 4;9:12740. doi: 10.1038/s41598-019-49095-z

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© The Author(s) 2019

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Gross findings of the liver, gallbladder, and gallstones. The photographs demonstrate the gross findings of the liver, gallbladder, and gallstones. (A) In the pre-treatment stage (after feeding with lithogenic diet for 8 weeks), gallstone formation was confirmed and the number and size of the gallstones were measured in 15 mice in each of the four groups (B–E). Gallstone number and size were compared between the control group (B) and three treatment groups ((C) UDCA group; (D) PUFA group; (E) combination group) during the post-treatment stage (after administering the therapeutic agent with the regular diet for 12 weeks). The number and size of the gallstones grossly reduced in all three treatment groups (UDCA, PUFA, and combination group) compared to the pre-treatment group.