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. 2019 Sep 4;9:12740. doi: 10.1038/s41598-019-49095-z

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© The Author(s) 2019

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Histological mucosal changes, thickness of the gallbladder wall, and expression levels of MUC genes in the gallbladder. The photographs demonstrate the microscopic features of the gallbladder. (A) Lithogenic diet (LD) induced mucosal hypertrophy of the gallbladder in the pre-treatment stage (after feeding the lithogenic diet for 8 weeks). (B–E) Gallbladder wall thickening was compared between the control group and three treatment groups ((B) control group; (C) UDCA group; (D) PUFA group; and (E) combination group) in the post-treatment stage (after administration of the therapeutic agent with the regular diet for 12 weeks). The treatments reduced the thickness of the hypertrophied gallbladder wall. (F) The thickness of the gallbladder wall decreased significantly in the PUFA and combination groups. (G) Muc2, (H) Muc5ac, (I) Muc5b, and (J) Muc6 expression levels in the gallbladder decreased significantly in the UDCA, PUFA, and combination groups. *P < 0.05 vs. control group.