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. 2019 Jun 18;40(2):197–209. doi: 10.1007/s10974-019-09529-7

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© The Author(s) 2019

Open AccessThis article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made.

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Fig. 1 — The cardiomyocyte costamere. The sarcomeres are connected to the ECM through integrins, the dystrophin-glycoprotein complex (DGC) and desmin. a Side view of cardiomyocyte with thin filaments in red and thick filaments in light blue as well as Z-discs in grey and costamer in purple. b Side view of a costamere with the adhesion complex (i.e. talin, vinculin and other adaptor as well as signalling molecules) in purple, the DGC in orange and the desmin intermediate filaments in lime green. Arrows indicate the contractile forces from myofibrillar and non-myofibrillar structures. nmM non-muscle myosin. (Color figure online)