TABLE 1.
Comparison of demographic characteristics, lifestyle, dietary nutrients, and multi-domain cognitive function of 1,385 middle-aged and elderly participants at baseline.
| All n = 1385 | Male n = 586 | Female n = 799 | χ 2 or t value | P value | |
| Age (years)a | 58.75 ± 4.43 | 59.10 ± 4.37 | 58.50 ± 4.47 | 2.47 | 0.013 |
| Education n (%)b,c | |||||
| Low | 230 (16.6) | 49 (8.4) | 181 (22.7) | 78.57 | <0.001 |
| Middle | 983 (71.0) | 425 (72.5) | 558 (69.8) | ||
| High | 172 (12.4) | 112 (19.1) | 60 (7.5) | ||
| BMI (kg/m2)a,d | 24.68 ± 2.92 | 25.05 ± 2.80 | 24.41 ± 2.97 | 4.05 | <0.001 |
| Smoking n (%)b | |||||
| No | 1007 (72.7) | 232 (39.6) | 775 (97.0) | 561.42 | <0.001 |
| Yes | 378 (27.3) | 354 (60.4) | 24 (3.0) | ||
| Drinking n (%)b | |||||
| No | 979 (70.7) | 228 (38.9) | 751 (94.0) | 495.05 | <0.001 |
| Yes | 406 (29.3) | 358 (61.1) | 48 (6.0) | ||
| Reading n (%)b | |||||
| No | 857 (61.9) | 293 (50.0) | 564 (70.6) | 60.75 | <0.001 |
| Yes | 528 (38.1) | 293 (50.0) | 235 (29.4) | ||
| Protein (g/d)a | 56.97 ± 24.90 | 60.93 ± 26.97 | 54.06 ± 22.85 | 4.99 | <0.001 |
| Fat (g/d)a | 62.21 ± 40.09 | 64.22 ± 43.70 | 60.73 ± 37.18 | 1.60 | 0.109 |
| Carbohydrate (g/d)a | 233.52 ± 96.97 | 250.51 ± 107.20 | 221.05 ± 86.70 | 5.47 | <0.001 |
| Cholesterol (mg/d)a | 233.33 ± 153.59 | 249.16 ± 165.73 | 221.72 ± 143.03 | 3.30 | 0.001 |
| Vitamin A (μg/d)a | 684.72 ± 688.17 | 701.70 ± 736.84 | 672.27 ± 650.36 | 0.79 | 0.432 |
| Thiamin (mg/d)a | 1.11 ± 0.48 | 1.19 ± 0.52 | 1.06 ± 0.44 | 5.22 | <0.001 |
| Riboflavin (mg/d)a | 1.24 ± 0.93 | 1.28 ± 0.99 | 1.21 ± 0.88 | 1.49 | 0.136 |
| Niacin (mg/d)a | 15.51 ± 9.60 | 16.43 ± 10.42 | 14.83 ± 8.90 | 3.07 | 0.002 |
| Vitamin C (mg/d)a | 108.74 ± 104.37 | 106.69 ± 107.72 | 110.23 ± 101.89 | –0.62 | 0.533 |
| Vitamin E (mg/d)a | 40.13 ± 23.19 | 40.16 ± 23.84 | 40.12 ± 22.71 | 0.03 | 0.976 |
| Saturated fatty acid (g/d)a | 13.10 ± 7.54 | 13.63 ± 8.13 | 12.70 ± 7.06 | 2.26 | 0.024 |
| USFA (g/d)a,e | 43.08 ± 30.08 | 43.33 ± 32.05 | 42.89 ± 28.57 | 0.27 | 0.786 |
| MoCAa,f | 24.19 ± 3.26 | 24.72 ± 3.03 | 23.80 ± 3.37 | 5.34 | <0.001 |
| AVLT-IRa,g | 15.62 ± 4.95 | 15.07 ± 4.64 | 16.02 ± 5.13 | –3.59 | <0.001 |
| AVLT-SRa,h | 5.50 ± 2.49 | 5.21 ± 2.38 | 5.71 ± 2.54 | –3.78 | <0.001 |
| AVLT-LRa,i | 4.63 ± 2.76 | 4.26 ± 2.53 | 4.89 ± 2.88 | –4.32 | <0.001 |
| LMTa,j | 10.54 ± 4.94 | 10.99 ± 4.92 | 10.21 ± 4.94 | 2.91 | 0.004 |
| DST-Fa,k | 7.80 ± 1.16 | 7.92 ± 1.01 | 7.71 ± 1.25 | 3.49 | 0.001 |
| DST-Ba,l | 4.27 ± 1.07 | 4.35 ± 1.04 | 4.21 ± 1.09 | 2.35 | 0.019 |
aContinuous variables, means ± SD, and t value are presented; bCategorical variables, numbers (percentages), and χ2 value are presented; cEducational: low (illiterate and elementary school), middle (junior high school, senior high school, and technical secondary school), and high (college and graduate school); dBMI, body mass index; eUSFA, unsaturated fatty acid; fMoCA, Montreal cognitive assessment; gAVLT-IR, auditory verbal learning test-immediate recall; hAVLT-SR, auditory verbal learning test-short recall; iAVLT-LR, auditory verbal learning test-long recall; jLMT, logical memory test; kDST-F, digit span test-forward; lDST-B, digit span test-backward.