Table 2.
Individual pre-pregnancy risk factors and risk of obesity in offspring.
| No. (%) of women | No. (%) of offspring | No. (%) of obese offspring | Relative risk (95%CI)* | Relative risk (95%CI)** | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Alternate healthy eating index-2010 diet score in quintiles | |||||
| Q1 | 955 (20.3) | 1182 (20.7) | 125 (10.6) | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (reference) |
| Q2 | 948 (20.2) | 1160 (20.4) | 104 (9.0) | 0.88 (0.69, 1.13) | 0.90 (0.70, 1.14) |
| Q3 | 927 (19.7) | 1123 (19.7) | 103 (9.2) | 0.91 (0.71, 1.16) | 0.95 (0.74, 1.20) |
| Q4 | 917 (19.5) | 1100 (19.3) | 90 (8.2) | 0.87 (0.67, 1.12) | 0.91 (0.70, 1.17) |
| Q5 | 951 (20.3) | 1136 (19.9) | 98 (8.6) | 0.95 (0.73, 1.23) | 1.02 (0.79, 1.32) |
| Body mass index (kg/m2) | |||||
| <18.5 | 213 (4.5) | 245 (4.3) | 4 (1.6) | 0.27 (0.10, 0.70) | 0.26 (0.10, 0.68) |
| 18.5-24.9 | 3490 (74.3) | 4175 (73.3) | 253 (6.1) | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (reference) |
| 25-29.9 | 688 (14.7) | 897 (15.7) | 159 (17.7) | 2.87 (2.37, 3.48) | 2.83 (2.35, 3.42) |
| ≥30 | 307 (6.5) | 384 (6.7) | 104 (27.1) | 4.23 (3.42, 5.23) | 4.15 (3.36, 5.13) |
| Moderate to vigorous intensity exercise, min/week | |||||
| 0 | 806 (17.2) | 961 (16.9) | 111 (11.6) | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (reference) |
| 1-149 | 2000 (42.5) | 2454 (43.1) | 230 (9.4) | 0.89 (0.72, 1.09) | 0.87 (0.71, 1.08) |
| 150-299 | 938 (20.0) | 1133 (19.9) | 89 (7.9) | 0.81 (0.63, 1.06) | 0.82 (0.63, 1.07) |
| ≥300 | 954 (20.3) | 1153 (20.1) | 90 (7.8) | 0.90 (0.69, 1.16) | 0.89 (0.69, 1.16) |
| Smoking status | |||||
| Never smoker | 3408 (72.5) | 4188 (73.5) | 355 (8.5) | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (reference) |
| Former smoker | 942 (20.1) | 1127 (19.7) | 115 (10.2) | 1.14 (0.93, 1.40) | 1.23 (1.00, 1.51) |
| Current smoker | 348 (7.4) | 386 (6.8) | 50 (13.0) | 1.48 (1.14, 1.94) | 1.64 (1.25, 2.15) |
*
Adjusted by variables included in the table and gender of the offspring (girl, boy).
**
Additionally adjusted for mother’s age at birth (years), mom’s race/ethnicity (white, others), parity (null-parity, 1, 2, 3, ≥4 previous pregnancies), and pre-pregnancy alcohol intake (0, 0-5, 5-15, ≥15g/day); and educational attainment of spouse/partner (high school/college, graduate school).