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(a) PM and (c) nonvolatile PN>23nm emissions measured from 40% load mode and 85% load mode with the 4R32 DF engine utilizing MDO, MGO, and NG fuels and from 75% load with the 20DF engine utilizing MGO and LNG fuels (marked load 75% p). Error bars show the standard deviation of a minimum of five measurements. (b) PM composition of exhaust of the 4R32 DF engine fueled with MDO, MGO, and NG at 85% load.
