Table 1. Main Specifications of Liquid Fuels Used in the Measurement Campaigns.

parameter	unit	MGO <0.001% S	MDO <0.1% S	HFO <0.7% S	MGO <0.1% S	HFO <2% S
use		engine test bed		cruise ship		RoPax
engine		4R32 and 20DF	4R32	E1 and E2	E2	E3
density (15 °C)	kg/m3	836	879	873	873	984
viscosity (40 °C)	mm2/s	2.94	4.07	886	3.87	625
heating value, lower	MJ/kg	42.8	42.2	40.8	42.0	40.5
flash point	°C	66	78	146	81	109
sulfur	mg/kg	6.1	822	6520	780	18600
ash	% (m/m)	<0.005	<0.005	<0.005	<0.005	0.165
carbon	% (m/m)	86.2	87.4	87.7	87.9	86.6
hydrogen	% (m/m)	13.9	12.5	11.5	12.8	10.7
nitrogen	mg/kg	40.6	367	2490		5400
Ni	mg/kg	<0.50	<0.50	12.4	<0.50	21.1
V	mg/kg	<0.50	<0.50	17.2	<0.50	110