Figure 11.

Membrane-associated protein complexes. (A1) The V-shaped dimer of the mitochondrial ATP synthase. Protomer fitted with atomistic details is taken from PDB 2WSS(338) (α-subunits, cyan; β-subunits, blue; γδε subunits, gray; OSCP, green) and PDB 3U2Y(339) (yellow, c10-ring). Reproduced with permission from ref (333). Copyright 2015 Kühlbrandt. (A2) Organization of mitochondrial cristae. Reproduced with permission from ref (340). Copyright 2015 Davies et al. (A3, left) Cryo-EM structure of the respiratory chain supercomplex composed of NADH dehydrogenase (complex 1, blue), a cytochrome bc₁ dimer (complex 3, pink), and cytochrome c oxidase (complex 4, green). (A3, right) The ubiquinol binding sites of complexes 1 and 3. Arrows indicate the electron path through the supercomplex.³⁴¹ Reproduced with permission from ref (332). Copyright 2011 John Wiley and Sons. (B) Translocon complex. (B1) The pretranslocation state of the ribosome with an A-site tRNA (red) and a P-site tRNA (green). An arrow shows the direction of tRNA’s traversal motion.³⁴² (B2) Insertion of a nascent protein by the ribosome into a nanodisc membrane working with the SecYE translocon. The protein and P-site tRNA are shown in green. An arrow shows the direction of the protein’s movement.³⁴³ (B3) Bacterial ribosome with erythromycin (in red circle) at its binding site.³⁴⁴ Reproduced with permission from ref (345). Copyright 2015 Elsevier. (C) Formation of COPII carrier formation. Sar1 is GTPase, Sec23 and Sec24 proteins are the inner-layer coat components, and Sec13 and Sec31 are the outer-layer coat components. Reproduced with permission from ref (346). Copyright 2013 Elsevier. (D) Nuclear pore complex. The tomographic structure (EMD-3105)³⁴⁷ embedded into double membrane of nucleus envelope; cytoplasmic filaments and nuclear basket, which are not part of the experimental structure, are shown in cartoon representation. Reproduced with permission from ref (348). Copyright 2016 Elsevier.