Table 2.

Patient- and hospital-level factors associated with palliative care use in hospitalizations for ESKD in multivariate logistic regression model

Factors	aOR (95% CI)	P Value
Age	1.03 (1.02–1.03)	<0.01
Female	0.97 (0.93–1.01)	0.18
Race
White	Reference	N/A
Black	0.72 (0.61–0.84)	<0.01
Hispanic	0.46 (0.30–0.68)	<0.01
Asian	1.02 (0.68–1.52)	0.93
Charlson comorbidity index
0–4	Reference	N/A
5–7	1.40 (1.34–1.46)	<0.01
≥8	3.82 (3.56–4.10)	<0.01
DNR status	19.91 (18.57–21.35)	<0.01
Median income per zip code
$1–$38,999	Reference	N/A
$39,000–$47,999	1.11 (1.04–1.18)	<0.01
$48,000–$62,999	1.16 (1.08–1.25)	<0.01
$63,000 or more	1.24 (1.14–1.35)	<0.01
Primary insurance
Medicare	Reference	N/A
Medicaid	0.99 (0.90–1.09)	0.88
Private insurance	1.18 (1.09–1.27)	<0.01
Self-pay	0.98 (0.75–1.29)	0.89
Hospital percentage of ethnic minority patients
Low-minority hospital	Reference	N/A
Medium-minority hospital	0.91 (0.80–1.02)	0.10
High-minority hospital	0.79 (0.70–0.90)	<0.01
Hospital teaching status/location
Rural nonteaching	Reference	N/A
Urban nonteaching	1.03 (0.84–1.26)	0.78
Urban teaching	1.60 (1.30–1.96)	<0.01
Hospital size
Small	Reference	N/A
Medium	1.23 (1.08–1.39)	<0.01
Large	1.45 (1.29–1.64)	<0.01
Hospital region
Northeast	Reference	N/A
Midwest	1.28 (1.12–1.47)	<0.01
South	1.30 (1.15–1.47)	<0.01
West	1.59 (1.38–1.82)	<0.01

aOR, adjusted odds ratio; CI, confidence interval; N/A, not applicable; DNR, do not resuscitate.