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Pt oxidation on Nafion. (a) Stepwise oxidation of a single layer of Pt nanoparticles in 0.1 M H2SO4, with fit model using Pt0 (green), Ptδ+ (yellow), Pt2+ (blue), and Pt4+ (red) doublets. Excitation energy: 480 eV. (b) Graphene-covered 4 nm Pt layer at 1.85 VRHE with 0.1 M H2SO4. Excitation energy: 580 eV.
