Table 2.

Emerging targets clinical significance with ongoing clinical trials in RCC

Molecular target	Class	Trial	Disease setting	Agent	Experimental treatment	Study phase	Estimated completion
VEGF	TKI	NCT01253668	Previously-treated mRCC	Brivanib		Phase II	Completed*
TGFβ		NCT01806064	Previously-treated mRCC	Endoglin	Axitinib + endoglin	Phase I/II	June 2019
cMET		NCT02761057 (PAPMET)	Papillary mRCC	Cabozantinib Cabozantinib S-malate Crizotinib Savolitinib Sunitinib		Phase II	January 2021
		NCT03091192	MET-driven papillary mRCC	Savolitinib		Phase III	August 2019
CCR4	Cytokine modulator	NCT02281409	Advanced tumors (mRCC)	Mogamulizumab		Phase I/II	October 2019
		NCT02946671	Pre-operative advanced tumors (mRCC)	Mogamulizumab	Mogamulizumab + nivolumab	Phase III	March 2020
HIF2-α	Small-molecule inhibitor	NCT02293980	Previously-treated mRCC	PT2385	PT238 monotherapy or PT2385 + nivolumab or PT2385 + cabozantinib	Phase I	August 2020
		NCT03108066	VHL disease-associated ccRCC	PT2385		Phase II	September 2022
PD-L1	CPI	NCT02420821 (IMmotion-151)	Previously-untreated mRCC	Atezolizumab	Atezolizumab + bevacizumab	Phase III	December 2021
		NCT02811861 (Keynote-581/CLEAR)	Previously-untreated mRCC	Pembrolizumab	Pembrolizumab + lenvatinib	Phase III	February 2021
		NCT03141177 (CheckMate 9ER)	Previously-untreated mRCC	Nivolumab	Nivolumab + cabozantinib	Phase III	April 2023
		NCT03149822	mRCC	Pembrolizumab	Pembrolizumab + cabozantinib	Phase I/II	June 2020
CTLA-4		NCT02762006	Previously-untreated localized RCC	Neoadjuvant tremelimumab	Neoadjuvant tremelimumab + durvalumab	Phase I	April 2019**
		NCT02626130	Previously-treated mRCC	Tremelimumab	Tremelimumab or tremelimumab with cryoablation	Pilot study	March 2022
Autologous DCs	Tumor vaccine	NCT02432846 (MERECA)	mRCC	Intuvax	Intuvax + nephrectomy+ sunitinib	Phase II	August 2019

All trial information obtained through publicly accessible clinicaltrials.gov

*Announcement of study results pending

**Remains active