FIG. 8.

Bisperoxovanadium (bpV) reduced apoptosis, and enhanced extracellular signal-related kinase (Erk) and glycogen synthase kinase (GSK) 3β activation after spinal cord injury (SCI). (A) Treatment with bpV significantly decreased SCI-induced elevation in caspase 3 activity at one day post-injury. Simultaneously, (B) GSK3β phosphorylation, a marker of Akt activity, and (C) Erk activity were increased by bpV in injured spinal tissue. (D) Representative Western blots of p-GSK3β, cleaved caspase 3, p-Erk, and Erk. β-tubulin served as a loading control. Data were expressed as mean ± standard error of the mean; n = 4–6 for Western blot. All data analyzed via one-way analysis of variance; *p < 0.05; **p < 0.01; ***p < 0.001.