Table 3.
Mortality data for included studies. Premorbid beta blocker exposure vs no premorbid beta blocker exposure
| First author | Select cohort | No. of patients with no premorbid beta blocker use | No. of patients with premorbid beta blocker use | Mortality census day | Mortality | 90-day mortality | 28-day mortality | ICU mortality | Hospital mortality | Survival analysis | Outcome | Adjustment method | Adjusted variables |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Singer et al. [11] | 6839 | 4001 | 2838 | Hospital mortality | – | – | – | – | aOR = 0.69 (CI 0.62–0.77) | – | Premorbid beta blocker usage is significantly associated with decreased mortality | Multivariate logistic regression | Age, class of beta blocker, congestive heart failure, cancer, surgical procedures |
| Macchia et al. [10] | 9465 | 8404 | 1061 | 28-day mortality | – | – | aOR = 0.81 (CI 0.68–0.97), p = 0.025 | – | – | – | Premorbid beta blocker usage is significantly associated with decreased mortality | Multivariate logistic regression | Age, sex, history of hypertension, dyslipidaemia, diabetes mellitus, myocardial infarction, congestive heart failure, atrial fibrillation, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, depression, and malignancy |
| Hsieh et al. [27] | 33,213 | 32,173 | 1040 | Hospital mortality | – | – | – | – | aOR = 0.89 (CI 0.76–1.04), p = 0.1484 | – | Premorbid beta blocker usage is not significantly associated with decreased mortality | Multivariate logistic regression | Age, sex, insurance premium, urbanization level, and comorbidities |
| Fuchs et al.a [26] | 296 | 0 | 296 | ICU, hospital, 28 days, 90 days | – | 40.7% vs. 52.7%, p = 0.046a | 28.7% vs. 41.1%, p = 0.04a | 27.5% vs. 38%, p = 0.06a | 35.3% vs. 48.1%, p = 0.03a | HR = 0.67 (CI 0.48, 0.95), p = 0.03a | Continuation of beta-blockade is associated with decreased 28-day, 90-day, and hospital mortality. | Multivariate cox regression | Sex, known nosocomial pathogen, chronic diseases, body temperature (< 36.0 °C), APACHE II score first 24 h, lactate first 24 h (> 3 mmol/L) |
| Contenti et al. [21] | 260 | 195 | 65 | 28-day mortality | – | – | – | – | 35% vs 49%, p = 0.08 | – | Premorbid beta blocker usage is not significantly associated with decreased mortality | – | – |
| Sharma et al. [25] | 123 | 75 | 48 | Hospital mortality | – | – | – | – | 35.4% vs 32%, p = 0.70 | – | Premorbid beta blocker usage is not significantly associated with decreased mortality | – | – |
| Charles et al. [23] | 938 | 708 | 230 | ICU mortality | – | – | – | 35.7% vs. 37%, p = 0.75 | – | – | Premorbid beta blocker usage is not significantly associated with decreased mortality | – | – |
| Alsolamy et al. [22] | 4629 | 4006 | 623 | ICU mortality | – | – | – | RR = 0.94 (CI 0.82–1.08), p = 0.39 | – | – | Premorbid beta blocker usage is not significantly associated with decreased mortality | – | – |
| Al-Qadi et al. [24] | 651 | 276 | 375 | Not specified | 21.3% vs 27.2%, p = 0.09; aOR 0.62, p = 0.023 | – | – | – | – | – | Premorbid beta blocker usage is not significantly associated with decreased mortality | – | Age, gender, and severity of illness using SOFA and APACHE III scores |
aContinued beta blocker usage during sepsis vs discontinued beta blocker usage during sepsis