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. 2019 Sep 5;14:298. doi: 10.1186/s13018-019-1355-y

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© The Author(s). 2019

Open AccessThis article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated.

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Fig. 3 — Measurements of lumbar sagittal parameters. Cobb 1, lumbar lordosis (LL); Cobb 2, sacral slope (SS); Cobb 3, intervertebral angle of L4/5 (IVA); Cobb 4, L3 caudal endplate concave angle (ECA). IHI = (line 1 + line 2)/(line 3 + line 4) × 100%