Table 2. Etiologies and risk factors for acute kidney injury after hematopoietic stem cell transplant.
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Etiology & risk factor	Potential mechanism	Comments
Acute GVHD	Acute kidney injury, intravascular volume depletion, cytokine release, inflammatory and immune-mediated injury	Both acute and chronic GVHD contribute to renal injury.
Post-transplant-related complications	Sepsis – systemic vasodilation and medication-related injury Sinusoidal obstruction syndrome – renal vasoconstriction
Calcineurin inhibitors	Endothelial injury, renal vasoconstriction	Difficult to evaluate the role as it is given to many patients for prophylaxis against GVHD. Also interplay with drug synergism with antibiotics and antifungals.

GVHD = graft-versus-host disease.