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. 2019 Aug 29;7:565. doi: 10.3389/fchem.2019.00565

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Copyright © 2019 Glasser.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Analysis of phase compatibility—(A) Theoretical range of solubility parameters of several (Kraft) lignin esters as predicted by the Hoy model, compared to the solubility range of styrene (from Thielemans and Wool, 2005). Only the points representing the lignin derivatives fitting into the gray sphere can be considered phase compatible with polystyrene. (B) Differential scanning thermograms (DSC) of hydroxypropyl cellulose blended with 0 to 100% hydroxypropyl lignin (bottom to top) revealing single T_g's and indicating phase compatibility (adopted from Rials and Glasser, 1990). (C) Relationship between experimentally determined Flory-Huggins polymer-polymer interaction parameter, B, of two (organosolv) lignin derivatives [acetate (◦), and ethyl ether, (Δ)] and lignin total hydroxyl group content in solvent-cast blends of lignin derivatives and hydroxypropyl cellulose illustrating the importance of optimal lignin functionality on phase compatibility in blends. Phase compatibility rises with the negative magnitude of the B-parameter. Maximum compatibility is reached with lignin derivatives having OH-contents of 0.8 per C₉-repeat unit, similar to that of native lignin (from Rials and Glasser, 1990). (D) Comparison of the calculated Flory-Huggins interaction parameters χ_PS of lignin esters with the critical value, χ_PS,c, derived from the ratios of molar volumes of polymer and solvent (polystyrene). Compatibility is reached if χ_PS < χ_PS,c. In this graph, only lignin butyrate is predicted to be miscible with polystyrene (from Thielemans and Wool, 2005).