. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2019 Sep 5.

Published in final edited form as: J Autism Dev Disord. 2017 Jun;47(6):1749–1755. doi: 10.1007/s10803-017-3097-1

Table 4:

Skeletal Measures for the Entire Sample and Split Based on MPH Treatment Status

Dual-Energy X-ray Absorptiometry-Based Measures
		Entire Sample	No-ASD	ASD	Statistic	p-value
LS BMC Z-score, n=140	Unadjusted Mean Values ± Std	0.12±0.91	0.19±0.87	−0.20±1.03	Wilcoxon = 1236.0	*0.07*
LS BMC Z-score, n=140	LSMeans ± SE	---	0.15±0.08	0.01±0.20	F=0.40	0.53
LS aBMD Z-score, n=140	Unadjusted Mean Values ± Std	0.26±1.01	0.32±1.00	−0.06±1.01	Wilcoxon = 1272.0	0.11
LS aBMD Z-score, n=140	LSMeans ± SE	---	0.31±0.08	0.11±0.21	F=0.72	0.40
TBLH BMC Z-score, n=46	Unadjusted Mean Values ± Std	0.18±0.76	0.27±0.76	−0.26±0.66	Wilcoxon = 119.0	*0.05*
TBLH BMC Z-score, n=46	LSMeans ± SE	---	0.18±0.10	−0.06±0.21	F=1.02	0.3188
TBLH aBMD Z-score, n=46	Unadjusted Mean Values ± Std	0.30±0.80	0.38±0.83	−0.12±0.48	Wilcoxon = 127.0	*0.08*
TBLH aBMD Z-score, n=46	LSMeans ± SE	---	0.28±0.11	0.09±0.24	F=0.51	0.48
Peripheral Quantitative Computed Tomography-Based Measures
Trabecular vBMD, mg/cm³, n=151	Unadjusted Mean Values ± Std	202±39	327±55	302±47	Wilcoxon = 1227.0	0.001
Trabecular vBMD, mg/cm³, n=151	LSMeans ± SE	---	205.2±3.2	181.3±7.4	F=8.54	0.004
Strength Index, mg²/mm⁴, n=151	Unadjusted Mean Values ± Std	23.1±11.3	23.6±11.6	20.7±9.1	Wilcoxon = 1645.0	0.20
Strength Index, mg²/mm⁴, n=151	LSMeans ± SE	---	23.9±0.72	18.9±1.7	F=7.14	0.0084

LS: lumbar spine, BMC: bone mineral content, aBMD: areal bone mineral density, TBLH: total body less head, vBMD: volumetric bone mineral density, LSMeans: least squares means and standard errors (refer to text for details about the models), Std: standard deviation.

Age-sex-height-race-specific Z-scores for LS and TBLH BMC and aBMD were generated following the Bone Mineral Density in Childhood Study (Zemel et al. 2011).

Significant results (p<0.05) are bolded and marginally significant results (p<0.10) are bolded and italicized.