Table 1. Characteristics of the 12 379 Participants in the Analytic Sample, by Criminal Justice Exposure Before Age 18 Years, National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent to Adult Health.
| Characteristic | Weighted % (95% CI)a | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| No PI or JJI (n = 10 499) | PI Only (n = 1247) | JJI Only (n = 492) | Both PI and JJI (n = 141) | |
| Female | 51.4 (50.0-52.9) | 56.5 (52.4-60.6) | 12.3 (9.2-16.2) | 18.4 (12.1-26.9) |
| Race/ethnicity | ||||
| Non-Hispanic white | 68.8 (62.9-74.2) | 57.8 (50.4-64.8) | 59.0 (49.1-68.3) | 43.0 (31.3-55.6) |
| Non-Hispanic black | 12.9 (9.6-16.9) | 23.8 (17.8-31.1) | 20.0 (12.9-29.7) | 33.1 (21.9-46.7) |
| Hispanic | 11.3 (8.2-15.4) | 13.1 (9.6-17.6) | 12.2 (8.1-18.0) | 17.6 (10.1-28.8) |
| Non-Hispanic, other | 7.0 (5.4-9.1) | 5.4 (3.7-7.7) | 8.7 (5.7-13.2) | 6.3 (2.4-15.7) |
| Age, mean (95% CI), yb | 15.5 (15.3-15.7) | 15.2 (14.9-15.5) | 15.2 (14.8-15.5) | 15.2 (14.7-15.7) |
| Family structure | ||||
| 2-Parent household | 66.3 (64.2-68.4) | 26.2 (22.7-29.9) | 42.6 (37.4-48.0) | 20.3 (12.0-32.3) |
| 1-Parent household | 30.9 (30.7-34.5) | 65.1 (61.6-68.4) | 53.7 (48.0-59.3) | 67.4 (56.5-76.7) |
| No biological parents in household | 2.8 (2.2-3.4) | 8.7 (6.7-11.3) | 3.7 (1.9-7.0) | 12.2 (7.1-20.3) |
| Mother’s education | ||||
| No resident mother | 3.3 (2.8-3.8) | 5.5 (4.1-7.5) | 7.4 (4.6-11.6) | 11.0 (5.9-19.8) |
| Less than high school | 16.2 (14.0-18.8) | 24.6 (20.9-28.6) | 17.8 (12.9-23.9) | 31.3 (21.9-42.5) |
| High school, trade school, or general equivalency diploma | 41.3 (38.6-44.1) | 45.0 (40.7-49.5) | 41.8 (35.7-48.1) | 41.5 (31.4-52.4) |
| College education or higher | 39.2 (35.9-42.6) | 24.9 (20.9-29.3) | 33.0 (26.2-40.8) | 16.2 (9.1-27.0) |
| Father’s education | ||||
| No resident father | 20.8 (19.0-22.9) | 47.3 (43.6-50.9) | 37.2 (31.2-43.7) | 51.3 (39.2-63.3) |
| Less than high school | 13.5 (11.5-15.7) | 18.2 (15.1-21.7) | 12.2 (9.0-16.4) | 21.0 (13.2-31.9) |
| High school, trade school, or general equivalency diploma | 30.4 (27.9-33.1) | 24.8 (21.3-28.6) | 28.5 (23.3-34.2) | 20.8 (12.3-32.9) |
| College education or higher | 35.2 (31.8-38.8) | 9.8 (7.8-12.3) | 22.1 (16.7-28.6) | 6.9 (2.9-15.3) |
| Received public assistance | 7.3 (6.0-8.7) | 24.1 (20.9-27.7) | 12.0 (7.3-19.2) | 30.0 (20.2-42.1) |
| Geographic classification of residence | ||||
| Suburban | 40.7 (35.4-46.2) | 30.1 (24.9-35.8) | 37.1 (29.9-45.0) | 24.4 (16.1-35.1) |
| Urban | 27.1 (22.8-31.9) | 37.9 (31.2-45.2) | 37.7 (29.1-47.2) | 54.2 (43.1-64.8) |
| Rural | 29.1 (24.3-34.3) | 28.2 (21.8-35.5) | 23.1 (17.0-30.7) | 18.5 (11.2-28.8) |
| Other | 3.2 (2.3-4.3) | 3.8 (2.6-5.6) | 2.0 (0.9-4.8) | 3.0 (0.9-10.0) |
Abbreviations: JJI, juvenile justice involvement; PI, parental incarceration.
a
Reflects the representative proportion in the target US population. Percentages may not total 100% because of rounding.
b
Age at wave I (1994-1995).