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. 2019 Aug 29;13:890. doi: 10.3389/fnins.2019.00890

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Copyright © 2019 Shimba, Chang, Asahina, Moriya, Kotani, Jimbo, Gladkov, Antipova, Pigareva, Kolpakov, Mukhina, Kazantsev and Pimashkin.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Schematics of hybrid neural network transplantation. Cerebral cortex has a unique layered structure, and the layers are interconnected as shown in the left upper panel. Blue, black, and red arrows indicate input, output, and intra-cortical connections, respectively. In conventional transplantation using cell suspension, the intra-cortical connections and output to neighboring tissue usually are randomly distributed and not ordered. In proposed method, the engineered tissue with biologically natural and heterogeneous structure is transplanted to damaged area. The cell components are made by specific induction of pluripotent stem cells. The directionality of synaptic connectivity formed by microfabricated structures.