TABLE 1.
Summary statistics for serum and fecal markers at baseline and at the end of the 5-day intervention period of study phase 1
| Baseline | Postintervention | ||||||
| Measurement | Conventional milk (n = 40) | Milk containing A2 beta-casein only (n = 40) | P | Conventional milk (n = 40) | Milk containing A2 beta-casein only (n = 40) | P | |
| HGB, g/L | 116.3 (8.8) | 118.7 (8.7) | 0.233 | 117.0 (7.8) | 117.9 (7.8) | 0.608 | |
| IL-4, ng/mL | 0.73 (0.07) | 0.75 (0.09) | 0.280 | 0.77 (0.08) | 0.73 (0.08) | 0.025* | |
| IgG, g/L | 9.1 (1.7) | 9.7 (1.9) | 0.157 | 11.2 (2.0) | 9.2 (1.6) | <0.0001*** | |
| IgG1, g/L | 5.88 (1.62) | 6.10 (1.26) | 0.628 | 7.15 (1.36) | 6.04 (1.25) | 0.010* | |
| BCM-7, ng/mL | 2.63 (1.82–4.02) | 2.45 (1.95–4.26) | 0.173 | 3.15 (2.05–5.49) | 2.54 (1.95–4.38) | 0.004** | |
| GSH, nmol/mL | 0.90 (0.06–3.13) | 1.05 (0.30–2.37) | 0.223 | 1.44 (0.37–3.88) | 2.22 (0.68–3.88) | 0.0007*** | |
| CRP, mg/L | 0.24 (<0.158–5.23) | 0.27 (<0.158–3.12) | 0.553 | 0.23 (<0.158–3.83) | 0.16 (<0.158–4.96) | 0.668 | |
| Below detection limit | 14 (17.5%) | 16 (20.0%) | 16 (20.0%) | 20 (25.0%) | |||
| IgE, IU/mL | 68.5 (6.4–166.0) | 66.0 (1.8–161.0) | 0.935 | 90.5 (11.5–153.0) | 52.2 (16.3–160.0) | 0.036* | |
| MPO, ng/mL | Phase 1 | 0.11 (0–16.08) | 0.35 (0–14.70) | 1.77 (0–19.83) | 0.24 (0–23.16) | ||
| Phase 2 | 1.57 (0–8.36) | 0.34 (0–14.47) | 4.15 (0–14.22) | 0.98 (0–21.52) | |||
| Acetic acid (%) | Phase 1 | 0.40 (0.08) | 0.42 (0.08) | 0.40 (0.09) | 0.50 (0.09) | ||
| Phase 2 | 0.41 (0.09) | 0.39 (0.07) | 0.40 (0.07) | 0.48 (0.13) | |||
| Propanoic acid | Phase 1 | 0.16 (0.04) | 0.17 (0.04) | 0.17 (0.05) | 0.18 (0.05) | ||
| Phase 2 | 0.17 (0.05) | 0.16 (0.05) | 0.16 (0.04) | 0.17 (0.04) | |||
| Butanoic acid | Phase 1 | 0.12 (0.06) | 0.10 (0.05) | 0.10 (0.05) | 0.13 (0.04) | ||
| Phase 2 | 0.10 (0.05) | 0.10 (0.04) | 0.11 (0.04) | 0.13 (0.04) | |||
| Total SCFA (%) | Phase 1 | 0.68 (0.11) | 0.70 (0.11) | 0.67 (0.13) | 0.81 (0.11) | ||
| Phase 2 | 0.68 (0.12) | 0.65 (0.09) | 0.67 (0.09) | 0.77 (0.13) | |||
Normally distributed outcomes: HGB, IL-4, IgG, IgG1, acetic acid, propanoic acid butanoic acid, total SCFA; non-normally distributed outcomes: CRP, IgE, MPO.
Blood test outcomes are mean (SD) / median (range), frequency (%); fecal outcomes are mean (SD) / median (range) (75 subjects).
Blood laboratory testing outcomes at baseline and the end of study phase 1 were analyzed using 1-way analysis of variance. Non-normal distributed blood test outcomes were evaluated using the nonparametric Kruskal-Wallis test.
Within-product difference of post-intervention values versus baseline values was evaluated using a paired t test for normal-distributed outcomes and using Wilcoxon signed ranks test for paired non-normal outcomes.
Some serum CRP concentration were below the detection limit and the average rank was calculated. A nonparametric Kruskal-Wallis test (based on the rank statistic) was used for evaluating product difference at baseline and after intervention.
BCM-7 = beta-casomorphin 7; CRP = C-reactive protein; GSH = glutathione; HGB = hemoglobin; IgG = immunoglobulin G; IL-4 = interleukin 4; MPO = myeloperoxidase; SCFA = short-chain fatty acid
*P < 0.05; ** P < 0.01; *** P < 0.001; no symbol: P ≥ 0.05.